【正文】 9 1. 他是美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家，大眾化風(fēng)格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style. 2. 他的作品簡單明了，但絕不是一些業(yè)余作家的平淡無味，這歸因于他始終把作品同自己的人格特征結(jié)合起來， 作品中盡量表現(xiàn)出自己的個性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur。杰克遜當(dāng)選7th 總統(tǒng)，標志著“美國總統(tǒng)中，弗吉尼亞王朝的結(jié)束” the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年開始Civil War. 2. 美國逐步成為一個工業(yè)化和城市化國家，科技創(chuàng)造大量物質(zhì)財富同時又加劇了社會動蕩the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders. 3. 這段時間大部分作家思想受到了新大陸本身所處環(huán)境及歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮雙理影響The attitudes of America’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe. 4. 浪漫主義共同點romantics shared certain general characteristics:他們都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀及直覺感 覺，并且認為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. 6． 超驗主義（1830s—the Civil War）：既不講究邏輯，也不講究系統(tǒng)，它只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世 俗束縛的個人表達，他們相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源，萬物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an allpervading power for goodness from which all things e and of which all things are a part. 7． 美國早期的主要文學(xué)形式，說教類及宣言類作品被長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌所取代，成這一時期文學(xué)的主 要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms. 8． From the early 1800s to the civil war 美國是一個充滿矛盾的國家，人們既有各種精神上的幻想，又有日益強烈 的物質(zhì)主義的現(xiàn)實需求?！懊绹姼柚浮保‵ather of American Poetry）. 2． 他如今被認為是美國政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作為詩人，他預(yù)示了美國文學(xué)獨立的到來as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期詩歌同早期華麗的對偶句詩歌形成鮮明對比，后期形成了自然、簡潔、言之有物的風(fēng)格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction. 3． 作品：《野忍冬花》： “The Wild Honey Suckle” 《印第安人的墳地》： “The Indian Burying Ground” 《致凱提弗瑞諾（17521832） 1． 革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the PostRevolutionary period 既是一位詩人也是 政治方面的新聞記者double role as poet and political ，但本質(zhì)上卻屬浪漫主義類he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。 it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise. 3． 教材作品：《獨立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。杰弗遜（17431826） 1． 美國歷史上最為廣泛影響人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively humanitarian product of the Enlightenment,對各領(lǐng)域都有興趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics….. 2． 盡全力為美國尋找一條自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作為 人文主義都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特權(quán)a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每個人與生俱來的權(quán)利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一個必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍贊同下才合法，其目的是為個人謀福利，而不是壓榨與剝削人民。佩因（17371809） 1． 被稱為“人類最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美國著名政治小冊子作家pamphleteer. 是政治諷刺的天才a political satirist of genius. 2． 《美國危機》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series o