【正文】 people through the consciousness of characters and participate in their experience method 2. psychological analysis the forerunner of streamofconsciousness novels the founder of psychological realism emphasizes the inner awareness and inward movement of characters Style – “ stylist” a. overelaborate style b. Language: highlyrefined, polished, (文雅 ) insightful, accurate c. Construction: plicated, intricate are not the liking of the mon readers The differences between Howells, James, and Mark Twain ? Although Howells, James and Twain all worked for realism, there were obvious differences between them. ? A. In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society。s favorite short story writer. Porter died on June 5, 1910 in New York City at the age of forty seven. An alcoholic, he died virtually penniless. O. Henry (18621910) was a prolific American shortstory writer, a master of surprise endings, who wrote about the life of ordinary people in New York City. A twist of plot, which turns on an ironic or coincidental circumstance, is typical of O. Henry39。s death in 1904 and Jean39。s final theme, which is the exploration of the nature of Christianity and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally inpatible with slavery. Mark Twain （ 18351910） ? Pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens ? Literary Status ? leading figure of local colorism /language reformer of English novel ? Novelist, humorist, lecturer, journalist, literary and cultural critic ? monumental figure in the development of western novel ? Life and Career: ? Born in Florida and brought up in the small town of Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River (a slave state then) ? born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley39。 or, Life Among the Lowly ? 3) the exploration of the nature of Christianity and its fundamental inpatibility with slavery ? Stowe39。s rights movement in the following decades. II. Uncle Tom39。s novel reaffirmed the importance of women39。 or, Life Among the Lowly ? Through characters like Eliza, who escapes from slavery to save her young son and eventually reunites her entire family, or Little Eva, who is seen as the ideal Christian, Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices. While later critics have noted that Stowe39。s Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women. II. Uncle Tom39。s Cabin。s Cabin。s Cabin is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery. Stowe pushed home her theme of the immorality of slavery on almost every page of the novel, sometimes even changing the story39。s Cabin。s death in 1849 and resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. ? Uncle Tom‘ s Cabin has exerted an influence “ equaled by few other novels in history.” Upon publication, the book received praise from abolitionists. But the novel was viciously attacked by proslavery readers, even after Stowe defended the research on which she based the novel in A Key to Uncle Tom39。 or, Life Among the Lowly ? 2. Reactions to the novel ? Uncle Tom39。s hearts and imaginations. II. Uncle Tom39。s Cabin。s Cabin。 or, Life Among the Lowly ? 1. Plot summary ? Stowe39。s masterpiece is published serially in the National Era in 18511852 and as a book in 1852. It became a bestseller in the United States and England and went on to sell three hundred thousand copies the first year. By 1900 it had been translated into fortytwo languages. II. Uncle Tom39。s Cabin。s Cabin (1853), a factfilled panion to her famous novel. Her other works include Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856), Pearl of Orr39。 or, Life Among the Lowly I. Life and career ? Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–1896) was a novelist and abolitionist， whose novel Uncle Tom39。 environmental forces whereas realists see human beings just human beings and romantics see man almost as a god. Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom39。 (Death personified). ? The overall theme of the poem seems to be that death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. I. The Age of Realism (18651910) ? 1. Background ? A. With the American Civil War (18611865), the industrialized North fought the agrarian South, the factory defeated the farm, and the USA headed toward capitalism. ? B. Commercialization, industrialization, mechanization, urbanization ? C. the frontier was closing and a reevaluation of life began ? D. disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. “ A Golden” turned out to be a Gilded one. ? E. The Age of Realism had arrived. I. The Age of Realism (18651910) ? 2. The Definition of Literary Realism ? A. As a literary movement, realism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against “ the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism. ? B. It expressed the concern for the world. ? William Dean Howells: he must write what he observed and knew. ? Henry James: Life should be the main object of the novel. ? Mark Twain: writers should keep in their mind the soul, the life, and the speech of the people. ? C. In matters of style, there was contrast between the genteel and graceful prose on the one hand, and the vernacular diction, rough and ready frontier humor on the other. ? D. The American authors lumped together as “ realists” seem to have some features in mon: ? a. “ authenticity of detail derived from observation” ? b. an objective rather than an idealized view of nature and experience ? E. William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain as the representatives I. American Naturalism ? 1. Background： ? Social background: Modern America – industrialism – financial giants and industrial p