【正文】 案而犧牲了對創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。5 創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。4 受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術領域。3 現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認為，對待孩子也應仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學校。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。但是老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究。德魯當時就職于“明尼蘇達制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。2 如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會有遮護膠帶這種用品　了。1 Understanding the Organization of the Text(1) Introduction (para 1)It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, andinterests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredityand culture.(2) There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. (para. 24)Supporting evidenceA. Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2)i) Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process.ii) The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudesand go on to higher achievement.iii) Two examples:a. In many of the former allwomen’s colleges, the boys were taking over the classroom discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably.b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.B. Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para. 3)i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away.C. Genderbiased education is also reflected in the typical American teacher’ assumption. (para 4)i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.ii) Three examples:a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading problems.c. In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.(3) The educational bias begins at home. (para 5)A. Supporting evidence:i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers.ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules.B. The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.C. Conclusion: Through the educational process that occupies most of the child’s waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold.2 CBDBCDVocabulary1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4) approved 5) Bias 6) deprived 7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraduate2. conscious – unconscious positive – negativeencourage – discourage superior – inferiordirectly – indirectly biased – fairsexist – nonsexist limited – unlimiteddependent – independent appropriately – inappropriately3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8) B4. 1) turn out 2) carry over 3) calling on 4) put away 5) fallen behind 6) take overUnit 4關于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵孩子思考1 教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關鍵。于是，在課堂里我們常常可以看到女孩們更依賴教師，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非內容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發(fā)展求知欲和動手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的；對女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y果是：對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認可。5 在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，在德國，讀書學習都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。這成了預言自我應驗的一個例子。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學習經歷，這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。3 賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。事實上，在20世紀60年代末期，當美國東北部多所最好的女子學院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠比女生多。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。2 例如，最近對美國公立學校的一項研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標準。在成長的過程中，每個孩子學會了細微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。 not clearly seenvulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners。 faith6) A. boost n. an encouraging act of cheering somebody upB. boost v. make someone feel more confident and less worried7) A. note n. a short, usually informal, letterB. noted v. notice or pay careful attention to something8) A. signed v. write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with itB. sign n. gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9) A. totaled v. e to a certain amountB. total n. the whole amount10) A. stuffed v. fill something with a substanceB. stuff n. substance or material11) A. count n. the number that is reached when something is being countedB. count v. be important12) A. last v. manage to remain in the same situationB. last n. the remaining part of something13) A. plimented v. express praise or admiration of somebodyB. pliment n. an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14) A. flood n. a large number or amountB. flooding v. arrive in large numbers15) A. contact n. munication with a person, organization, country, etc.B. contact v. reach (someone) by message, telephone, etc.3. 1) thrives 2) strategy 3) annual 4) deserve 5) spontaneous 6) sincere 7) investments 8) enterprise 9) follow up 10) characterized11) lingered 12) acknowledged 4. column: 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) Ctough: 1) D 2) B 3) E 4) F 5) C 6) A5.1) A. plementary B. plimentary C. plimentaryplimentary: 1) expressing admiration, praise, etc.2) given free of chargeplementary: making s