【正文】 nce Auditor, a specialist in Effluent Monitoring, and a representative from Facilities Engineering.在那太平洋西北實(shí)驗(yàn)室我們有有表演的一些成功關(guān)節(jié)稽核與其他的確認(rèn)實(shí)體，像是教育學(xué)程認(rèn)證、安全,環(huán)境的服從, 等等。 daily activities or operations. That is to say, rather than subject an organization to individual audits over a three month period. have the verification entities undertake a joint venture and audit the organization once a year.At the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, we seek generalists to manage or lead the audit team, but solicit specialists to balance out the team. For example, analytical chemists, soil scientists or hydrologists may be found at any given time assisting with a PNL audit. We have pared this team concept to the use of individual auditors and have found that the team approach to auditing brings more credibility to the audit and final report. Daily team caucuses allow an opportunity to discuss findings and areas of nonpliance. With specialists on the audit team, a what if39。AUDIT TOOLSAudit tools are used to support or implement an audit program. Tools may include audit checklistsorprotocols that present audit criteria in a format that allows easier use by the auditor. Tools may alsoinclude audit finding ranking systems, pliance assistance documents or software, or any other material that the auditor would use during the audit process, not described in the other chapters.Organizational PlacementIndependence is one of the primary considerations to be given to any organization whose charter enpasses an audit function. The organizational nucleus of environmental auditors should be adequate to ensure objective and unencumbered inquiry, observation and testing. The objectivity of your environmental auditors should not be impaired bv personal relationships, financial encumbrances or other conflicts of interest that could impede free inquiry, or judgement. If the auditor is provided by an Independent Audit Firm this could mean the auditor is not to be a stockholder of the corporation being audited. The auditors must be free of real or perceived fears of retribution.Typically, panies establish audit programs within a core corporate group. In general, this group can be a function of the internal audit department, regulatory affairs department, legal, or environmental policy and pliance department.When evaluating independence of the auditing organization, consideration should be given to audit funding. If costs for performing the audit are absorbed as overhead and included in the budget of the organizational unit responsible for the environmental audit program, then independence may be inferred.Staffing and TrainingIn a report to the EPA in February 1984, Arthur D. Little, Inc. stated:Companies staff their environmental audit programs in a variety of ways. Mostenvironmental audit teams include individuals with technical expertise, knowledgeof environmental regulations, and plant experience. Several panies also includeauditing expertise, knowledge of environmental management systems, andunderstanding of similar panies’ hazard control programs as staffing criteria .”SUSTAINING THE AUDIT PROGRAMManagement support is best demonstrated by written policy articulating upper management support for the audit and for pliance with all applicable requirements, including the organization39。 此外, 產(chǎn)生有害廢物的多數(shù)商店是必需的被聯(lián)邦的或者州法律減少量廢物產(chǎn)生過污染預(yù)防。不在乎不注意那必需的, 多數(shù)那 超過服從 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是決定性的到那保險(xiǎn)箱和設(shè)備的有效率的操作。 這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括管制的需求, 像是聯(lián)邦的, 州, 或地方法律和規(guī)則。 盡管在新澤西州、資格和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的它的焦點(diǎn)對任何的小生意是有用的哪一需要評估或選擇引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)審計(jì)官一稽核反對空氣服從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些資格能用來評估正在考慮的商店雇用一外面審計(jì)官用尊敬檢討他們的操作到空氣服從。這份文件提供那必需的資格為一空氣服從為新澤西州的小商店的審計(jì)官。 這些文件的限制是他們做不提供廣泛的背景數(shù)據(jù)或?qū)W問工具。 這些文件的力量是他們提供數(shù)據(jù)哪一是摘要和簡單易用。s Office of Water Regulations and Standards, requires in Section II that the Plan include a section addressing Performance and System Audits. It states in part. To the extent possible, these audits should be conducted by individuals who are not directly involved in the measurement process ....A Work/QA Project Plan should specify who will conduct the audit. what protocol will be used, what the acceptance criteria will be and to whom the audit reports will go.This is elaborated upon in the Appendix to the EPA’s Elements of Effective Environmental Auditing Programs, as follows:? Explicit top management support for environmental auditing and mitment to followup on audit findings.? An environmental audit team separate from and independent of the persons and activities to be audited.? Adequate team staffing and training.? Explicit audit program objectives, scope, resources and frequency.? A process which collects, analyzes, interprets and documents information sufficient to achieve audit objectives. ? A process which includes specific procedures