【正文】 s no longer the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。(指人時，相當(dāng)于who或 whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語從句。d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。(3) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。(2) 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。The roses look and smell beautiful.四、定語從句：defining and nondefining 限制性和非限制性定語從句Ⅰ. 概念：(1) 定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。狀態(tài)動詞表達(dá)思維活動的動詞：admit, believe, know, mean, prefer, realize, remember, think, understand, want, 表達(dá)情感的動詞：adore，care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope表達(dá)擁有和存在的動詞：appear, be, belong, contain, have, include, need, seem, possess, own.感官動詞feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste,有些狀態(tài)動詞也可以表示動作，在此意義上，這些動詞可用于現(xiàn)在時。四、狀態(tài)或動作動詞英語中動詞分為兩類：動作動詞和狀態(tài)動詞。介詞+ which /whom 引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞可做介詞的賓語，通常在which和whom前加介詞即介詞+which/whom 結(jié)構(gòu)This is the book for which he is looking.可以根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞來選介詞，也可以依據(jù)從句的相關(guān)動詞來選用。2）當(dāng)所談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭飼r世界上獨一無二的用或不用冠詞的短語英語有許多短語中冠詞的使用很難解釋清楚，所以需要牢記No article：零冠詞at home, at school, go to work, go to bed, have breakfast /lunch, in hospital,和the 連用的短語：at the station, to the cinema, play the piano, in the morning/ evening .和a 連用的短語：have a bath /shower, have a rest, have a cake, have a drink.在國家和城鎮(zhèn)名稱前不用the 但在河流，海洋和山脈名稱前要用the。若關(guān)系代詞which，that或who在定語從句中作賓語，而不做主語時， 可以省略。在定語從句中門要用下列關(guān)系代詞：Who （有時用that ）用來指人，that用來指代動物。Adverbial clause of concession 讓步狀語從句Although和though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句Although she doesn’t enjoy her job, she works hard..五、Adverbial clause （2）cause, result and purpose 狀語從句二原因、結(jié)果、目的狀語從句1. as, since, because 等連詞可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句As I haven’t studied, I won’t pass this exam that 可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句He is studying hard so that he can bee a doctor. …that 或such+(an) +名詞+that 可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。說話瞬間突然做出決定，用will +動詞原形表示。You should have returned it to him. 你應(yīng)該把他還給他了。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：“情態(tài)動詞 + have + 過去分詞”。(4) 提出問題。如：You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。I would try my best to help you. 我會盡力幫助你。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的單車嗎？(2) 陳述自己的觀點或看法。4. 習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的虛擬語氣。如：Long live the Communist Party of China. 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲。May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永駐。2. 表示“祝愿”時，常用“may + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 其他”。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把門關(guān)起來你介意嗎？You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個教訓(xùn)牢記于心。七. 簡單句中的虛擬語氣1. 說話時，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他們的計劃就是在家鄉(xiāng)建一座新工廠。He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告訴了我們他的想法：他想上大學(xué)。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should) + 動詞原形。It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我們竟要受責(zé)備真讓人煩惱。It is strange that he should not e. 很奇怪，他竟沒有來。四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣在表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語其的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 動詞原形，主句中的謂語動詞形式不限。I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。4. 英語中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他們一起在那兒。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中竟獲得了第一名？3. 英語中，wish之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實現(xiàn)或根本不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等動詞的否定句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣。如：Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 湯姆堅持說他沒有偷那塊手表。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 黨要求我們要全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。三、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1．英語中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(堅決要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建議) 表示請求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，起虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should) + 原形動詞。如：I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡單的問題。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：① should + 原形動詞(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。He coughed twice as if someone should e. 他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來了。3. 方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣as if, as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個好學(xué)生。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻過什么錯誤，我們必須尊敬他。② may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter whword 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：① may +動詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即是他親自來也不知該怎么辦。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個單詞。(2) 在so that, in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動詞原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should e in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。②省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。①省略從句He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會取得如此大的進(jìn)步。如：I would have e to see you, but I was too busy. 我本該來看你了，然而我太忙了。Had he learnt about puters, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識的話，我們會已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話，他現(xiàn)在已進(jìn)了辦公室了。③從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會已經(jīng)派他去北京了。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會使工程師了If they had informed us, we would not e here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會來這里了。(2) 有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動作若不是同時發(fā)生時，須區(qū)別對待。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會去國外學(xué)習(xí)。3. 運用條件句中的虛擬語氣時，須注意的幾個問題(1) 當(dāng)從句的主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞若是系動詞be時，可用was代替were。如：If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看過這場電影，我會把電影內(nèi)容告訴你了。If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在這所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的話，它會對你很熟悉。(2) 現(xiàn)在時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his