【正文】 ts that no perspective stands outside the system being observed, this approach also stands firmly on the side of pluralism and relativism, against all modern forms of false certainty and arrogant intellectual imperialism. This does not mean that constructive postmodernism can prevent empire building by nations or intellectual movements. But its proponents are unlikely to lend their names to either theories or practices that promote that sort of arrogance. Like the best elements of many religious traditions, constructive postmodernism has a builtin method of selfcriticism in the form of a pluralistic approach to all problems. ? 第二 ,因為建構(gòu)后現(xiàn)代主義贊同解構(gòu)主義的觀點 ,即沒有一種視角能從系統(tǒng)的外部來進行觀察 ,這種研究方向也堅定地支持多元主義和相對主義 ,反對現(xiàn)代各種形式的沒有根據(jù)的確實性和傲慢的思想帝國主義。無論如何 ,建構(gòu)后現(xiàn)代主義質(zhì)疑現(xiàn)代主義的一個假設(shè) ,即所有形式的集體生活都會限制個體意志的表達。 ? First, if a person or self does not exist in isolation but is constituted by its relations, the problem of developing a social ethic that balances individual rights and social stability is diminished. It is not eliminated, because some tension still remains in constructive postmodernism between order and freedom. Nevertheless, constructive postmodernism disputes the modern assumption that all forms of group life limit the expression of the individual will. A postmodern understanding of society emphasizes that group life is ambiguous: it gives freedom at the same time that it takes it away. Family and munity both sustain and diminish individual development in plex ways. ? 首先 ,如果個人或“自我”非孤立存在 ,而是由它的關(guān)系所構(gòu)成 ,那么發(fā)展社會倫理學(xué)來平衡個人權(quán)利和社會穩(wěn)定的問題就消退了。 ? As a consequence of these distinctive premises, constructive postmodernism offers a way of resolving some of the intellectual puzzles of modern thought and some practical problems in social development. A few general examples may help to explain this. ? 作為這些特征性前提的一個結(jié)果 ,建構(gòu)后現(xiàn)代主義能替現(xiàn)代思想的某些思想疑難問題和社會發(fā)展的某些實際問題提供一種解決途徑。因此 ,建構(gòu)后現(xiàn)代主義開始于這樣一個假設(shè) ,一個人的特征是佛教稱之為互依起源 ——一個不斷變化的事件流 ——的產(chǎn)物。每一件事物都是有活力的 ,每一個存在都由它與其他事物的關(guān)系所構(gòu)成 ? People do not exist as separate entities or sources of will and desire. Instead, each person is posed of the significant people in his or her life. Thus, constructive postmodernism begins with the assumption that a person39。正因如此 ,解構(gòu)主義從來就沒有形成一個實用的社會變革新模式的基礎(chǔ) (在這方面 ,盡管它有偏激的色彩 ,解構(gòu)主義實際在政治上還扮演了一個非常保守的角色 ,因為它同樣嚴厲地批評所有建設(shè)性的政策 ) ? Constructive postmodernism also criticizes modernity, but not primarily at the level of language. Rather, it begins with an intuition that all events are connected through mutual feelings and that the modern assumption of fragmentation is wrong. From this orientation, there are no freestanding objects in the world, no inert lumps of matter. Everything is active. Each being is constituted by its relations to other things. ? 建構(gòu)的后現(xiàn)代主義也批評現(xiàn)代性 ,但主要不是在語言的層次上 ,而是開始于這樣一個直覺 ,即所有的事件都是通過相互關(guān)系而聯(lián)在一起 ,現(xiàn)代分析原則是錯誤的。對解構(gòu)主義來說 ,這既是它的力量之所在 ,也是它的缺點之所在。相比之下 ,現(xiàn)代思想沒有認識到它和某一套特定的語言習(xí)慣聯(lián)在一起 ,因而忽略了它所形成的真理是如何與特定的文化綁在一起的。所以 ,現(xiàn)代思想具有鼓勵傲慢的傾向 ? Deconstructive postmodernism questions modernity at the level of language. The deconstructionists argue that objectivity is totally an illusion. They emphasize that all thought takes place within language, which is constructed out of a set of selfreinforcing and selfreferencing set of cultural conventions. By contrast, modern thought fails to recognize that it is tied to a particular set of linguistic conventions and thus ignores the ways in which the truths it formulates are bound to particular cultures. ? 解構(gòu)的后現(xiàn)代主義在語言的層次上質(zhì)疑現(xiàn)代性。 ? Because the world is conceived as a machine, one may imagine standing outside it altogether and viewing it objectively. Historically, this has led modern thinkers to construct systems of thought that gave the illusion of enpassing and controlling actual conditions with near perfection. Thus, modern thought has a tendency to encourage arrogance. ? 因為世界被看作是一臺機器 ,這樣我們就可以設(shè)想站在它的外部來客觀地觀察它。這個假設(shè)產(chǎn)生了無窮無盡的問題 ,因為它意味著我們可以用兩種對立的方式來理解社會 :作為一臺機器或作為一群有自由意志的人。在醫(yī)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué)、社會學(xué)和其他領(lǐng)域 ,研究者總是通過了解每個部分是如何工作的來建立知識體系 ,沒有必要替這些分片的知識發(fā)展一套綜合的框架 ,知道部分就是知道了整體。這些部分之間的相互關(guān)系完全是機械的。現(xiàn)代思想的特征在于兩條基本原理 ,即分析原理和機械關(guān)系原理。建構(gòu)和解構(gòu)的研究方向是不同的。解構(gòu)在挑戰(zhàn)現(xiàn)代思想過去從未受到質(zhì)疑的傲慢性時也許能發(fā)揮作用 。 ? If that aim is to be realized, Chinese scholars need to be selective in their acceptance of postmodern thought. Deconstructive forms of postmodernism are purely critical and focus almost entirely on the way language shapes thought. They deny the superiority of scientific methods in any context. Deconstruction may serve a purpose in challenging some arrogant forms of modern thought that were previously unquestioned. However, if China is to use postmodernism in building a new society, its scholars are more likely to find support in constructive postmodernism, which offers a different approach than deconstructive approaches. ? 如果要實現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo) ,中國的學(xué)者需要有選擇性地接受后現(xiàn)代思想。發(fā)展中國家所面臨的問題不僅僅是那些哲學(xué)上的學(xué)術(shù)問題是否可以通過重新思考現(xiàn)代性的某些理論預(yù)設(shè)來解決的 。在西方這還基本上是一種思維游戲 。實際上 ,他們不希望被現(xiàn)代性的內(nèi)在沖突所困住。這種愿望今天仍然在繼續(xù)。 democracy without political uncertainty。 TRADITION, MODERNITY, POSTMODERNISM ? Since the late Qing dynasty and the Republican era, when intellectuals began looking at Western models of development, many Chinese thinkers have expressed a desire to bypass the process of modernization by moving directly to a society based on new principles. This hope continues today. Chinese theorists want the positive aspects of the western experience without the negative ones: economic development without unemployment。這并不意味著中國應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確照抄傳統(tǒng) ,這實際上也是一件不可能的事。除了儒家傳統(tǒng)和社會主義傳統(tǒng) ,中國肯定還存在別的傳統(tǒng)對發(fā)展經(jīng)濟能起到積極的幫助。盡管毛澤東治下的中國從來沒有達到經(jīng)濟和社會的平等 ,社會主義永遠地消除了男人天然優(yōu)于女人 ,貴族天然優(yōu)于平民的想法。 ? At the same time, China39。 ? In addition, Confucian thought provided a basis of legitimacy and stability for government for over two thousand years, a record far surpassing any other system of governance in the world. It did