【正文】 topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語(yǔ)一般不省略關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語(yǔ)I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說(shuō)明例句只用that的情況1． 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常見(jiàn)分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其ed形式)九．定語(yǔ)從句I. 定語(yǔ)從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)多為物。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分詞無(wú)名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語(yǔ)。做表語(yǔ)有時(shí)可和主語(yǔ)交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來(lái)提問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do八．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語(yǔ)前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ)分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞done動(dòng)名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb’s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ)II. 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較：情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著）can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）：常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。1. must“肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。如：It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中）can not / cannot /can’t doCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’t domay可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmight not doMight…do…? Yes,…mightNo,…might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)）must not/mustn’t doMust…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’t have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）don’t have to doDo…h(huán)ave to do…?Yes,…do. No,…don’t.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用shouldought not to/oughtn’t to doOught…to do…?Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.shall將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shall not/shan’t doShall…do…?Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）should not/shouldn’t doShould…do…?will意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中would比較委婉will not/won’t doWill…do…?Yes,…will. No,…won’t.wouldwould not/wouldn’t dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）dare not/daren’t doDare…do…?Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.need需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）need not/needn’t doNeed…do…?Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）used not/usedn’t/usen’t to dodidn’t use to doUsed…to do…?Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.Did…use to do…?Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè)：以must為例。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書(shū)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四．形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以able, ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the be