【正文】
ments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services. u Net Exports (NX): u Exports minus imports. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u Investment投資 (I): u The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing. 用于資本設(shè)備、存貨和建筑物的支出,其中包括家庭用于購(gòu)買新住房的支出。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Components of GDP GDP的組成部分 GDP (Y ) is the sum of the following: GDP (Y) 是以下項(xiàng)目之和: u Consumption (C) 消費(fèi)( C) u Investment (I) 投資( I) u Government Purchases (G) 政府購(gòu)買( G) u Net Exports (NX) 凈出口( NX) Y = C + I + G + NX Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 個(gè)人可支配收入 等于個(gè)人收入減去個(gè)人所得稅和某些非稅收支付(例如,交通罰單)。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Disposable Personal Ine u Disposable personal ine is the ine that household and noncorporate businesses have left after satisfying all their obligations to the government. u It equals personal ine minus personal taxes and certain nontax payments. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 另外,個(gè)人收入包括家庭從其持有政府債券中得到的利息收入,以及從政府得到的轉(zhuǎn)移支付(例如福利和社會(huì)保障收入)。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 個(gè)人收入 u 個(gè)人收入 是居民戶和非公司企業(yè)得到的收入。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 國(guó)民收入 u 國(guó)民收入 是一國(guó)居民在物品與勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)中賺到的總收入。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)凈值 (NNP) u 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)凈值 (NNP)是一國(guó)居民的總收入減去折舊的消耗。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 國(guó)民總收入 u 國(guó)民總收入 (GNP) 是一國(guó)永久居民(稱為國(guó)民)所賺到的總收入。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Other Measures of Ine 其他收入衡量指標(biāo) u Personal Ine 個(gè)人收入 u Disposable Personal Ine 個(gè)人可支配收入 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. GDP的組成部分 u 什么未計(jì)算在 GDP之內(nèi)? 228。 GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. 228。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的衡量 u “ . . . In a Given Period of Time.” “… 在某一既定時(shí)期內(nèi) … ” 228。 它衡量的生產(chǎn)價(jià)值是在一個(gè)國(guó)家的地理范圍之內(nèi)。 它包括現(xiàn)期生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務(wù),并不包括涉及過(guò)去生產(chǎn)的東西的交易。 It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product u “ . . . Produced . . .” 228。 它既包括有形的物品(食物、衣服、汽車),也包括無(wú)形的勞務(wù)(理發(fā)、打掃房屋、醫(yī)生出診 )。 GDP只包括最終物品的價(jià)值,而不包括中間品的價(jià)值(價(jià)值只能計(jì)算一次)。 產(chǎn)出按市場(chǎng)價(jià)格來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)。 It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits). Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Output is valued at market prices. u “. . . Of All Final . . .” 228。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 1. 經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖 企業(yè) 家庭 生產(chǎn)要素 市場(chǎng) 商品和服務(wù) 市場(chǎng) 支出 (=GDP) 收入 =(DGP) 工資、租金 和利潤(rùn) (=GDP) 收入 (=GDP) 銷售商品 和服務(wù) 購(gòu)買商品 和服務(wù) 勞動(dòng)、土地 和資本 生產(chǎn)投入 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的衡量 The equality of ine and expenditure can be illustrated with the circularflow diagram. 收入等于支出可以由 經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖 來(lái)說(shuō)明。 u 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP) 是在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終商品(物品)與服務(wù)(勞務(wù))的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. u Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the ine and expenditures of an economy. u It is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc