【正文】 EM：殘留核糖體 功能：繼續(xù)合成血紅蛋白功能 （二）白細(xì)胞 (Leukocyte, White Blood Cell) 正常值 分類(lèi) 胞質(zhì)有無(wú)特殊顆粒分為：有粒白細(xì)胞和無(wú)粒白細(xì)胞 有粒白細(xì)胞分為：中性粒細(xì)胞 5070%、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞 %、嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞 01% 無(wú)粒白細(xì)胞分為：?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞 38% 、淋巴細(xì)胞 2030% 。 they normally exhibit little movement and can be regarded as permanent residents of the tissue . They include fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipose cells, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The cells that prise the wandering or transient population are mostly those that have migrated into the tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli. They include plasma cells and leukocytes. The types of cells as well as their relative numbers in loose connective tissue reflect the functional activity of the tissue. For example, the fibroblast is responsible for producing the fibers and ground substance. Other cell types, such as macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells and leukocytes are associated with the defense system of the body. Connective tissue fibers are present in varying amounts, depending on the structural needs or function of the tissue. Fibers are produced by fibroblasts and composed of proteins formed by long peptide chains. Depending on their character and position they are referred to as collagenous fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. All three types of fibers exist in loose connective tissue. Ground substance is a highly hydrophilic plex of anionic macromolecules that occupies the space between the cells and fibers. Ground substance consists largely of proteoglycans and structure glycoproteins. The physical properties of ground substance and its ability to permit diffusion of oxygen and nutrients between the microvasculature and adjacent tissues is due to the proteoglycans. Connective tissues usually contain blood vessels and can mediate the exchange of nutrients, metabolites and waste products between tissues and the circulatory system through tissue fluid. The functions of connective tissue also include connecting, supporting, protecting, defending, repairing and storing of water, etc. 第四章 軟骨 (cartilage)和骨 (bone) [目的與要求 ] 掌握軟骨細(xì)胞的形態(tài)與功能；三種軟骨的纖維組成；密質(zhì)骨骨板排列方式。 一、疏松結(jié)締組織 (Loose Connective Tissue) (一 )細(xì)胞 (Cell): 成纖維細(xì)胞 (Fibroblast): LM：扁平、長(zhǎng)突 起、胞質(zhì)弱嗜鹼性、核卵圓、著色淺、 核仁明顯 EM：豐富粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、 游離核糖體和發(fā)達(dá) 的高爾基復(fù)合體 功能：產(chǎn)生纖維和基質(zhì) 纖維細(xì)胞：靜止?fàn)顟B(tài) 2 巨噬細(xì)胞 (Macrophage) (組織細(xì)胞 histocyte) LM：形態(tài)不規(guī)則、核小、著色深、胞質(zhì)豐富、嗜酸性 EM：表面皺褶、胞質(zhì)內(nèi)大量溶酶體、吞飲小泡、吞噬體、殘余體 功能：趨化性定向運(yùn)動(dòng)、吞噬、分泌多種生物活性物質(zhì)、調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)。 however, all rest on the basement membrane. Thus, it is actually a simple epithelium. transitional epithelium is a name applied to the epithelium lining the pelvis of the kidney, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. It is a stratified epithelium that has rather specific morphologic characteristics and functionally acmodates well to distension. The free surface of epithelial cells may contain cilia, stereocilia, or microvilli according to the function of the cells. Cilia enable the cells to move mucus or other materials along the surface. Stereocilia are special surface modifications that are found in the ductus epididymis and the face. Stereocilia are special surface modifications that are found in the ductus epididymis and the ductus deferens. Microvilli are found on the surface of cells that engage in absorptive activity. There are four types of cell junctions between epithelial cells, including tight junction, intermediate junction, desmosome and gap junction. The structure consisting of at least two types of cell junction is the junctional plex. Separating the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue is a basement membrane. When the basement membrane is examined with the electron microscope, it is found to consist of a thin amorphous layer, designated the basal lamina, and a thicker layer containing delicate reticular fibers, designated the reticular lamina. The basal lamina is immediately subjacent to the epithelium and the reticular lamina faces the underlying connective tissue. According to the way the secretory products leave the cell, glands may be classified as exocrine gland or endocrine gland. Exocrine glands have a secertory portion and the gland ducts. This connection takes the form of tubular ducts lined with epithelial cells through which the glandular secretions pass to reach the surface. Endocrine glands are ductless, and their secretions are picked up and transported to their site of action by the bloodstream. The products of endocrine gland are called hormones. 第三章 結(jié)締組織 (Connective Tissue CT) [目的與要求 ] 掌握結(jié)締組織的特點(diǎn)和 分類(lèi)；掌握疏松結(jié)締組織的結(jié)構(gòu) 與功能。 （ 3）橋粒（粘著斑） (Desmosome) 功能：牢固的細(xì)胞連接 （ 4）縫隙連接（通訊連接） (Gap junction) 功能：交換小分子物質(zhì)和離子及傳遞電沖動(dòng) 基底面 (Basal Surface ) （ 1）基膜 (Basement membrane) 電鏡下（ EM）分三層：透明板、致密板（基板）、網(wǎng)織板（網(wǎng)板） 薄者：透明板和基板 功能：支持連接作用，引導(dǎo)上皮移動(dòng)影響上皮分化 （ 2）質(zhì)膜內(nèi)褶 (Plasma membrane infolding) 功能：擴(kuò)大基底面表面積，有利水和電解質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) （ 3）半橋粒 (Hemidesmosome) :連接上皮和基膜 [思考題 ] 上皮組織有哪些特點(diǎn) ？ 上皮組織的分類(lèi)依據(jù)及分類(lèi) ？ 內(nèi)皮和間皮的概念 上皮組織有哪些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)及各種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的功能 CHAPTER 2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE OUTLINE Epithelium consists of cells that are closely applied to each other with very little intercellular substance. The cells that make up an epithelium have distinct polarity. They exhibit functionally distinct surface domains, namely, a free surface and a basal surface. Blood vessels do not perate the basement membrane to enter the epithelial