【正文】 n.　　 bears some resemblances to B.　　, the same is not applicable to B.　　10. A and B differ in several ways.　　11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.　　12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.　　13. The same is true of B.　　14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.　　15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...　　二)原因　　 number of factors are accountable for this situation.　　A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).　　2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.　　3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...　　4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...　　5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...　　6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are...　　7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...　　One of the most mon factors (causes ) is that ...　　Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...　　Perhaps the primary factor is that…　　But the fundamental cause is that ...　　三)后果　　1. It may give rise to a host of problems.　　2. The immediate result it produces is ...　　3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...　　4. Its consequence can be so great that...　　四)批駁　　1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.　　2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.　　3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.　　4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...　　5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.　　6) It makes no sense to argue for ...　　7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...　　8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...　　9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...五)舉例　　1) A good case in point is ...　　2) As an illustration, we may take ...　　3) Such examples might be given easily.　　4) ...is often cited as an example.　　六)證明　　1) No one can deny the fact that ...　　2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.　　3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...　　4) Recent studies indicate that ...　　5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...　　6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...　　　　　　提綱式作文 1． 對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式 　例證法　比較對(duì)比法　　　　常用的中間段展開方法歸納如下：　　　段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當(dāng)；　　　內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強(qiáng)；　　　段落中一定具備主題句；　　　　中間段有以下具體特點(diǎn)：　　　　中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實(shí)的解釋和論證。 it is important to take actions to ...　　10) Taking all these into account, we ...　　11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...中間段　　再看一下中間段落的組織?！∫酶裱杂酶裱浴⒅V語或習(xí)語總括全文中心思想。　提出問題　　提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。　重申主題　　再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想　　　總結(jié)歸納　　簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn)，以便深化主題印象?！?nèi)容不具體，言之無物，使用不言自明的陳述，給人以充數(shù)累贅之感　開頭偏離主題太遠(yuǎn)，否則會(huì)容易導(dǎo)致切題不準(zhǔn)，主題不明　　開頭段的作用是概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，表明寫作意圖，要求語言精練，直接切入主題或引出觀點(diǎn)，一般不對(duì)主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或說明描述應(yīng)該在中間段落進(jìn)行，開頭段一般寫三、四句即可。　here/there/now/then/hence置于句首而主語不是人稱代詞時(shí)　　Here es the bus.　段落組織技巧開頭段　　　對(duì)于大學(xué)英語四級(jí)的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長(zhǎng)?！∮迷谧鳛榈攸c(diǎn)狀語的介詞短語后面　　On the bed lay the dying patient.　　　　Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.　　全部倒裝　　全部倒裝是指包括表語和狀語在內(nèi)的整個(gè)謂語放在主語之前，它的語序是：表語或狀語+謂語動(dòng)詞+主語。　　Under no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons.　　On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo.　　Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.　　　用于so, neither, nor后面　　He didn’t go to the concert, neither did his family.　　　so/such...that用于句首時(shí)，后面要倒裝　　So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam.　　　　部分倒裝的情況：　　　　大家看下面的例句：　　That is why so many people want to work in the government.　　This is where she lived when she was young.　　Quality is what counts most.　　The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.　　The assumption is that things will improve.　　That is how we beat them in the contest.　　What he wants to know is if you may agree.　　What we want to know is whether the government may take measures to tackle this problem.　　The question is which one you may choose.　　倒裝句式　　倒裝句式是指主語和謂語或表語動(dòng)詞的位置顛倒，又分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝?！”硎咀兓脑~如go, bee, turn；　　大家來看下面幾個(gè)例子：　　They believe that the central government’s decision to develop the western part of the country and the success of Beijing’s bid to host the 2008 Olympics will open up further opportunities for a boom in the regional aviation market. 　　We cannot understand why they are so cruel to their beloved parents.　　Experience from foreign countries suggests that no aircraft manufacturers can survive depending only on their domestic market.　　寫作中常用的跟賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞以主語是We為例舉例如下：　　We assume that… 我們?cè)O(shè)想、假設(shè)……　　We suggest that… 我們認(rèn)為、建議……　　We hold/maintain/ that… 我們認(rèn)為…… 　　We stress that… 我們強(qiáng)調(diào)…… 　　We admit that… 我們承認(rèn)…… 　　We deny that… 我們否認(rèn)…… 　　We hope that… 我們希望…… 　　We discover that… 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)…… 　　We remend that… 我們推薦、建議…… 　　We mention that… 我們提到…… 　　表語從句　　表語從句是主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋從句所構(gòu)成的語句，其中系動(dòng)詞包括三類：　　　　Why he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years.　　Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.　　What you have done for us will be in our memory for ever.　　當(dāng)句子的實(shí)際主語太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，英語習(xí)慣用先行代詞it作形式主語，然后再引出真正的主語　　It is mon knowledge that honesty is the best policy.　　And with our current methods, it is hard to estimate the loss in environmental terms as many negative results may take decades to emerge.　　其他常用先行代詞it作形式主語的句型還有：后三種，學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)用起來不是很熟練，但卻很有價(jià)值，可以在很大程度上提高語言質(zhì)量。具體詞意義有針對(duì)性、個(gè)性和精確性，給人以確切的概念，適合用于段落中細(xì)節(jié)的刻畫，論點(diǎn)的闡述以及事物的描寫。 shark, 　salmon, perch, eel 　　tree　　　smile, chuckle, snigger　　scientistalternative 　　區(qū)分具體與抽象的詞　　詞從語義上可分為具體與抽象兩種類別，例如：　　抽象　　　具體　　goodvehicle 　　opensufficient 　　speedcontroversy 　　tellaffection 　　agreeterminate 　　usepurchase　　　finish下面是一些經(jīng)常容易搞混淆或拼錯(cuò)的單詞：詞語的使用　　選 詞　　多用近義詞 　　Make尤其是大家經(jīng)常做客觀題，只要知道應(yīng)該選哪一個(gè)答案