【正文】 as in highly acidic or salty environments. Manydeclines. Cells, or products that the organisms have made, can then be harvested from the culture.Biofilm(生物膜) any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a selfproduced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS, 外細(xì)胞聚合物).Chemostat when these are used up, or some other factor bees limiting, theanaerobe any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if oxygen is present.Batch cultureare microorganisms that grow optimally or very well at pH values above 9, often between 10 and 12, but cannot grow or grow slowly at the nearneutral pH value of .acidophilica catabolic(分解代謝的) process where the microorganisms convert biochemical energy from nutrients into Adenosine Tripohsphate(ATP).U5Acidophilesis an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.Nitrifying bacteria chemoautotrophic or chemolithotrophs depending on the genera (genus pl.) bacteria that grow by consuming inorganic nitrogen pounds.is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step ofis a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygenstarved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid(乳酸)without oxygen. Denitrification/ Dissimilatory nitrate reduction(硝酸鹽異化還原) the loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen pounds。 it isrespiration also, the use of oxygen in the breakdown of foodstuffs to create energy.Anaerobic respirationis the process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium. The genes that get transferred (donor給予體 genes) depend on where the phage genome is located on the chromosome.Transduction the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector.Transformation the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA外源基因) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s).Wild type(WT) a strain, gene, or characteristic that prevails(占上風(fēng)) among individuals in natural conditions, as distinct from an atypical mutant type.U6Lithoautotroph a microbe which derives energy from reduced pounds of mineral origin. They may also be referred to as chemolithoautotrophs, a type of lithotrophs, reflecting their autotrophic metabolic pathways.Photoautotroph any organism that derives its energy for food synthesis from light and is capable of using carbon dioxide as its principal source of carbon. Chemoorganotroph an organism that depends on organic chemicals for its energy and carbon. also called backExpand. A mutationforto the original phenotype(表現(xiàn)型). ContemporaryPrototroph(原養(yǎng)型) having the same metabolic capabilities and nutritional requirements as the wild type parent strain.Reverse mutation the reversion of aHfr straincell) (also called anplasmidplasmidFplasmid, orFF factorfactorfactorFfactoris the transfer of genetic material betweenan organism that unable to synthesize a particular organic pound required for its growth.test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of theis the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or munity genomics.U7rebinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more differentDNAthat cut a DNA molecule at a particular place. They are essential tools for rebinant DNA technology. Therestriction endonucleases, areDNA from a single organism. The DNA is stored in a population of identical(同一的) vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA.Polymerase chain reactiongenetic position by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, orof an organism39。s mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.Genetic engineeringvectorexpressionpurposes.Expression vector(表達(dá)載體), otherwise known as an expressionascospores. The eight spores are produced by meiosis followed by a mitotic division.Basidiomycete(擔(dān)子菌) a fungus whose spores develop in basidia. Basidiomycetes include the majority of familiar mushrooms and toadstools.Basidiospore(擔(dān)孢子) spore produced by bysidium.Zygomycete(接合菌) A class of fungi that usually has a coenocyte(多核的) mycelium with chitinous cell walls.Zygospore the thickwalled resting cell of certain fungi and algae, arising from the fusion of two similar gametes.U8Cloning vector(克隆載體) a small piece of DNA, taken from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for(plural hyphae, from Greek ?φ?, huph?, “web”) is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium(菌絲體).Mycelium the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, threadlike hyphae. The mass of hyphae is sometimes called shiro, especially within the fairy ring fungi. Fungal colonies posed of(假肽聚糖also known as(bacteria), the aggregation(聚合體) of myxobacterial(粘液性細(xì)菌) cells when nutrients are scarce.Myxobacteria(粘液性細(xì)菌) a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large genomes, relative to other bacteria, . 9–10 million nucleotides.Myxospore spore formed by myxobacteria.Actinobacteria(放線菌) a phylum of Grampositive bacteria with high guanine and cy