【正文】
~~/~ 1 dnskdnkyskk ?????? ???轉(zhuǎn)型動態(tài)分析 ? 人均資本量的變化率:當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體低于其穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)越遠(yuǎn),則增長率越大;經(jīng)濟(jì)體高于其穩(wěn)態(tài)越遠(yuǎn),經(jīng)濟(jì)體衰退越快。 KYKFLYKLLFLKLKFLKLKFY///)1()1(/),(P ),(1?????????????????????????????本租金率直到其邊際產(chǎn)出等于資資本使用量持續(xù)增加,=其邊際產(chǎn)出等于工資勞動力持續(xù)增加,直到利潤最大化條件:=利潤函數(shù)資本租金資本價(jià)格:工人工資勞動力價(jià)格:一、生產(chǎn)函數(shù)索羅模型兩個(gè)重要函數(shù)遞減的均資本該函數(shù)說明:則有:新表述:和人均資本使用量來重將生產(chǎn)函數(shù)用人均產(chǎn)出增加是所 帶帶來 的 產(chǎn) 出,人每增加一 個(gè)單 位 勞動 力報(bào) 酬是 遞減 的:勞動 力人均 資 本的 規(guī) 模/。 ? 索羅模型的三個(gè)技術(shù)假定 勞動力以外生的不變速率增長 產(chǎn)出是勞動和資本的函數(shù),生產(chǎn)函數(shù)規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變,單個(gè)生產(chǎn)要素符合報(bào)酬遞減規(guī)律。 ? 資本-勞動比和資本生產(chǎn)率的反向關(guān)系使得發(fā)展中國家在人均資本數(shù)量較少的情況下?lián)碛懈叩亩唐诮?jīng)濟(jì)增長速率,各國的人均收入和生活水平應(yīng)該趨同。 infrastructures Criticism of HarrodDomar model Stability of economic growth Harrodian knifeedge ? 保證均衡增長: g=gw ? 一旦偏離均衡,即實(shí)際增長率與有保證增長率出現(xiàn)偏差,則這種偏離不會自行矯正,反而會加重 ? 如實(shí)際增長率低于有保證的增長率,在初期儲蓄率相同情況下,實(shí)際的資本產(chǎn)出比大于有保證的資本產(chǎn)出比,將出現(xiàn)資本品過剩,投資受到抑制,儲蓄率進(jìn)一步下降,投資受到抑制,使實(shí)際增長率更低于均衡增長率 ? 如實(shí)際增長率高于有保證的增長率,則實(shí)際的資本產(chǎn)出率低于有保證的資本產(chǎn)出率,資本品不足會刺激投資,導(dǎo)致實(shí)際增長率進(jìn)一步增大,更加偏離有保證的增長率,使得資本品更加不足 Stability of economic growth Harrodian knifeedge Stability of economic growth Harrodian knifeedge ? 黃金時(shí)代定理 : actual growth rate = warranted growth rate = natural growth rate of the labor force. Thus n = s/v is the necessary condition for economic growth. ( Joan Robinson: Golden Age rule , Cambridge University) ? 自然增長率 取決于勞動力的增長速率和勞動生產(chǎn)率的增長速率 )//()/(//)/l o g (l o gl o g)/(LYLYLLYYLYLYLYLY????????? But s, v and n are determined independently and there is nothing that guarantees that s/v will be equal to n. thus the golden rule is very hard to achieve. ? It is a knifeedge growth rate (very unstable system, with no mechanism to bring the economy back to the equilibrium growth rate). ? When the economy is growing fast, it continues to grow even faster and goes beyond full employment (. high inflation), but when growth is slow, it continues to grow even slower (. high unemployment). 發(fā)展中國家的情況 ? 自然增長率高于有保證的增長率 ? 意味著有效勞動力增長高于資本積累速度,導(dǎo)致失業(yè)日益增長 ? 意味著計(jì)劃投資高于計(jì)劃儲蓄,產(chǎn)生通貨膨脹壓力 ? 要使自然增長率趨近有保證的增長率 控制人口規(guī)模 控制勞動生產(chǎn)率增長幅度:效率與就業(yè)的沖突 提高儲蓄率 使用勞動密集型技術(shù)降低所要求的資本-產(chǎn)出比 Neoclassical growth model ? In the HarrodDomar growth model, steadystate growth was unstable. In the popular term of the day, it was a knifeedge in