【正文】 of the spleen to control blood (2) ? Clinical manifestations: ? Menorrhagia ? Hematochezia ? Hematuria ? Subcutaneous hemorrhage ? Other chronic hemorrhages ? Pale tongue ? Thready, weak pulse. of the spleen to control blood (3) ? Syndrome analysis: ? The spleen has the function of keeping the blood flowing within the blood vessels. ? If deficiency of spleen qi affects this function, blood will escape from the blood vessels. ? Since the bleeding is due to chronic deficiency of spleen qi, which is often acpanied by loss of its ascending power or lifting function, ? the bleeding is often chronic and chief occurring in the lower part of the body. of the spleen to control blood (4) ? Herbal formula : ? Guipi Tang (p295) of food in the stomach (1) ? Summarize: ? This is a syndrome caused by impaired digestive function of the stomach with stagnation of undigested food. In most cases, it occurs in indigestion due to improper diet, particularly due to taking too much food and drink at one meal. It may also be attributed to weakness of the stomach. of food in the stomach (2) ? Clinical manifestations: ? Epigastric fullness, distension or pain ? Belching with fetid odor ? Acid eructation or vomiting of sour fetid gastric contents (with alleviation of epigastric distension or pain after vomiting), or flatus and loose bowels with sour fetid stools。 ? sudden loss of consciousness with convulsions and rattling in the throat as observed in epilepsy. ? a pale tongue with a white greasy coating ? a slippery pulse are also the symptoms of the heart by phlegm: （ 3） ? Syndrome analysis: ? the heart is clouded by phlegm → consciousness will be impaired or lost. ? The formation of phlegm may be related to stagnation of liver qi due to emotional influences → in depression, with apathy, muttering to oneself, and other abnormal behavior. ? the phlegm is usually derived from dysfunction of zangfu ans and hidden in the heart meridian → i n epilepsy of the heart by phlegm: （ 3） ? liver wind is stirred up → the phlegm will go upward and cloud the heart → the syndrome occurs in paroxysms. ? clouding of the heart by an upsurge of phlegm together with endogenous wind → loss of consciousness ? are consistent with the presence of turbid phlegm → A pale tongue with a white greasy coating and a slippery pulse of the heart by phlegm: （ 4） ? Herbal formula : ? Ditan Tang of the lungs by windcold（ 1） ? Summarize: ? this is an exogenous affection of the lungs by windcold ? usually seen in colds and acute bronchitis. of the lungs by windcold（ 2） ? Clinical manifestations: ? Coughing with expectoration of thin and whitish sputum, ? chills and mild fever, ? no sweating, ? headache, ? stuffy and runny nose, ? white coating of the tongue ? a floating, tense pulse of the lungs by windcold（ 3） ? Syndrome analysis: ? Coughing → the lungs are invaded by windcold. ? Disturbance of the normal flow of lung qi leads to coughing, and the sputum is thin and whitish because the pathogenic cold impeding the normal distribution of fluid in the lungs produces phlegm, but does not condense it. ? The nose is the “specific opening ” of the lungs. Disturbance of the dispersing function of the lungs results in a stuffedup nose with watery discharge. ? The lungs are also in charge of defensive qi, which resists the invading pathogens on the superficial part of the body. of the lungs by windcold（ 3） ? When defensive qi is restrained by exogenous pathogens, chills occur。手三陰手三陰 Differentiation of syndromes (4) Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Differentiation of syndromes according to the pathological changes of zangfu ans ? TCM was not founded on the basis of precise anatomy. Internal ans, more accurately called zangfu ans, actually refer to the major functional systems of the human body. ? In the progress of TCM , no pathoanatomy was studied. ? Therefore, the pathological changes of the internal ans should not be misunderstood as the pathoanatomical changes of ans and tissues on which the western diagnosis of diseases is based. ? They are the pathophysiological changes of the functional systems recognized in the light of tradition Chinese medical theories. ? Diagnosing pathological changes of the internal (zangfu) ans is the most important ponent of differentiation of syndromes, for it is often a prehensive analysis of the pathogenesis in a given cases, ? including its location, nature, and the condition of confrontation between the antipathogenic and pathogenic factors. ? In bination with the eight general parameters, determination of the pathogenic factors and the state of qi, blood and body fluids, determining the pathological changes of the internal ans usually makes a plete syndrome diagnosis, not only for nonfebrile diseases in internal medicine, but also for most diseases in other branches of clinical medicine. and obstruction of heart blood（ 1） ? Summarize: ? this often results from insufficiency of heart qi and heart yang, ? causes retardation of blood flow in the heart， ? occurs in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in western medicine. and obstruction of heart blood（ 2） ? Clinical manifestations: ? precordial or substernal pain, stabbing or dull in character, often reaching the shoulder and arm, ? acpanied by palpitations, ? darkpurplish tongue or purple spots on the tongue, ? deep, hesitant or irregular pulse, ? cyanosis of the face, lips and nails, cold limbs and spontaneous sweating. and obstruction of heart blood（ 3） ? Syndrome analysis: ? stagnation of b