【正文】 s study… 他希望 …… 推薦信常用語句： ? I should be most grateful if you would consider my remendation. ? 或 I hope you will give her as much help as you can. 若您考慮我的推薦 ， 不勝感激 。 Reading 20223 Direct Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts to Functional and Expandable Hepatocytes ? Pengyu Huang， Ludi Zhang， Yimeng Gao， Zhiying He, Dan Yao, Zhitao Wu, Jin Cen, Xiaotao Chen1, Changcheng Liu, Yiping Hu, Dongmei Lai, Zhenlei Hu, Li Chen, Ying Zhang, Xin Cheng, Xiaojun Ma, Guoyu Pan, Xin Wang, Lijian From Cell Stem Cell The generation of large numbers of functional human hepatocytes for cellbased approaches to liver disease is an important and unmet goal. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to hepatic lineages could offer a solution to this problem but so far has only been achieved with mouse cells. Summary hepatocytes, 肝（實質(zhì)）細胞 fibroblasts，纖維原細胞 lineages， 血統(tǒng)，世系 Here, we generated human induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A. hiHeps express hepatic gene programs, can be expanded in vitro（體外） , and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. lentiviral，慢病毒（載體） Biliary，膽汁的 Upon transplantation into mice with concanavalinAinduced acute liver failure and fatal metabolic liver disease due to fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase (Fah) deficiency, hiHeps restore the liver function and prolong survival. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful lineage conversion of nonhepatic human cells into mature hepatocytes with potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. concanavalin，伴刀豆球蛋白 metabolic，代謝的 fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase， 延胡索酰 乙酰 乙酸 水解酶 第三章 應(yīng)用文體的英譯 第一節(jié) 書信文件的英譯 第二節(jié) 產(chǎn)品說明書的英譯 第三節(jié) 圖表的英譯 2學(xué)時 qq:1054482454 第一節(jié) 書信文件的英譯 一 、 信件的種類 私人信件 personal letter 申請和推薦信 letter of application and letter of remendation 學(xué)術(shù)邀請和出訪信 letter of invitation and letter for visit 祝賀信 letter of congratulation 商業(yè)書信 business letter (信內(nèi)地址 ) 稱呼和姓名 單位名稱 地址 （ 信頭 ） 寄信人通信地址 寫信日期 正文 結(jié)束語 簽名 ? Could you please send me …… ? 請您寄給我一份 …… ？ ? I look forward to hearing from you soon. 盼復(fù) ? If you need any other information concerning my background, … 如果你需要有關(guān)我的學(xué)習(xí)等其他情況 … ? Enclosed …… please find 隨信附上 …… 查收 ? Encl: One application form 后附一張申請表 ? If needed… .（ If need be…… ） 如果需要的話 ? Please let me know… .請告 … 申請信常用語句： ? Please tell me whether or not you are in a position to host me. 請告訴你是否能接受我 。 （ 2） Geic engineering is only one of many methods that may contribute to maintaining productivity and food quality while reducing inputs and improving agricultural ecosystems. 有不少方法 可用來保持作物產(chǎn)量和食物品質(zhì)同時降低投入和改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng) ，遺傳工程僅是其中之一。 （ 2） An endangered species is a population of anisms which is at risk of being extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. 如果生物種群由于數(shù)量稀少或者環(huán)境或捕食因素改變而處于絕種的危險 ，那么就稱這個物種為瀕臨滅絕的物種。 （ 4） Plants from protoplasts often display considerable geic variation, which can arise from the tissues of the starting material and/or in the callus from which the plants are regenerated. 從原生質(zhì)體再生的植株經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)較大的遺傳變異， 這些遺傳變異既可能源于起始材料組織，也可能源于植株再生的愈傷組織 。 現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)世代從他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)（指沃森和克里克發(fā)現(xiàn) DNA結(jié)構(gòu)）開始。 （ 1） Traditional biotechnology dates back thousands of years, to early farming societies in which people collected seeds of plants with the most desirable traits for planting the following year. 傳統(tǒng)的生物技術(shù)可追溯到數(shù)前千年前，那時的早期農(nóng)耕社會里， 人們搜集具有最需要性狀的植物種子，以供來年種植 。 （ 3） Attempts are now being made to replace enzymes which traditionally have been isolated from animal tissues and plants with enzymes from microanisms. 人們正在努力用源自微生物的酶來取代 傳統(tǒng)上從動物組織和植物中分離的 酶。 （ 1） Biotechnology can be summarized as any technique that uses living anisms to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microanisms for specific purposes. 生物技術(shù)可以概括為 使用活的生物制造或修飾產(chǎn)品，改良動植物，或者用于某種特殊目而培養(yǎng)微生物的 技術(shù)。r??ks\ 咽 scarlet fever, 猩紅熱 diphtheria, 白喉 meningitis, 腦膜炎 septicemia， 敗血病 REVIEW 20224 Abstract: ［ Objective］ The aim of this study was to screen hemicellulose degrading microanisms.［ Methods］ The methods used to screen the effective strains included hydrolysis spot diameter measurement of hemicellulose plate (半纖維素平板水解圈法） and extracellular enzyme activity． The methods used to identify the strains included culture characteristics， morphological， physiologicalbiochemical characteristics and molecular biological methods． Sample two English Abstract ［ Results］ We isolated 4 actinomycetes ( NA9， NA10， NA12 and NA13) ， 2 fungi ( NF1 and NF7) with hemicellulose degrading ability and no antagonistic effect（拮抗效應(yīng)） among them． The hemicellulose degrading activity of 4 actinomyces ( NA9， NA10， NA12 and NA13) was 217. 6， 229. 8， 221. 1 and 211. 8 U /mL． The hemicellulose degrading activity of 2 fungi ( NF1 and NF7) was 217. 7 and 244. 2 U /mL． The hemicellulose degrading activity of plex microbial system was 299. 0 U/mL． NA9， NA10， NA12 and NA13 were Streptomyces costaricanus。 C for one hour). For experiments where crosscontamination from one experiment to the next can bee