【正文】
and preventive cost of occupation disease, the total cost will be up, as the small countries can not control the international market price, they are only the receivers, they can not make up for the loss by upward price, the upward total cost will influence native product’s export petition. Considering the above conditions of the small countries, we can note and analyze by following Fig. 1. In Fig. 1, axis X indicates the given product export quantity and axis Y indicates the Price and Cost of the export goods. DM is the import demand curve that foreign countries will meet the export goods of small countries. As the small countries have not abundant quantity, the export quantity will not influence the international market price (P0) of these export goods, therefore, DM is a level. Fig. 1. Small countries in export and international market price. S is the export supply curves that small countries are lack of safety invest, or do not take steps to prevent accidents, occupation disease. It indicates that the export quantity the small countries is Q1 according to the international market price. produce surplus of small countries is triangle P0EA. If the small countries takes active steps of increasing safety invest, then the total cost including productive cost, the cost of accidents, and preventive cost of occupation disease will be up. As the small countries can not control the international market price, the upward total cost will influence native product’s export petition. In Fig. 1, the safety protection’s unfavorable influence on export petition of small countries turn left (from S to S39。 Health and labor standard integration with international trade, and further analyze the countermeasures its advantage and disadvantage, the way of turning the disadvantage into advantage, seek the different sources on the safety input and product petition between the developed countries and the developing countries, then research the relative countermeasures in our countries. II. ECONONOMICS ANALYSIS ON RELATION OF SAFETY COST AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE According to the action of developed countries that relate occupational safety amp。 health according to the quality reference [1]. Since the third quarter of 1999, ILO began to carry out internationalized occupational safety amp。 Health Conference held in Brazil in 1999, one principal of ILO pointed out: ILO will pursue enterprise safety amp。 Health Standard Management System (OSHSMS) into similar scales as ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 under the influence of international occupational safety amp。 Health can attend the international trade with free trade area, they expect to resist the countries or regions that reduced the input of labor protection (low standard), they want to sanction and blame those countries or regions that are not willing to improve their bad occupational safety amp。 Health make the developed countries in the unfavorable position on the cost, price and trade petition. They think it is unacceptable for “unfair” which caused by reducing the productive cost for the lack of improving the labor conditions in developing countries. They take the same steps to press and restrict to developing countries. On many international meetings of Economy and Trade and Occupational Safety amp。 6) 從以上的分析,我們可以看到,發(fā)展中國(guó)家應(yīng)該開(kāi)放他們自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治利益,強(qiáng)烈地反對(duì)不切實(shí)際的勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的提高,因此,他們應(yīng)該反對(duì)將勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)放入多國(guó)世貿(mào)組織的活動(dòng)中。然而,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家可以把他們的成本轉(zhuǎn)移到最終用戶。 4) 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家技術(shù)、基金和人才有一些比較優(yōu)勢(shì);作為發(fā)展中國(guó)家,勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品低的出口成本是其比較優(yōu)勢(shì)之一。因此,對(duì)他們采取提高安全投資和預(yù)防性的費(fèi)用的條件下,雖然成本和價(jià)格將上升但收入總額將增加。所以它對(duì)出口產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有很少或沒(méi)有影響。雖然大的國(guó)家采取措施,防止或處理事故,職業(yè)疾病將導(dǎo)致成本的上升,損失會(huì)由進(jìn)口國(guó)的最終用戶承擔(dān)。如果大國(guó)家采取行動(dòng)防止或管理事故、 職業(yè)疾病,這將會(huì)導(dǎo)致成本上升,損失將由進(jìn)口國(guó)的最終用戶承擔(dān)。如果小國(guó)家采取積極行動(dòng)增加安全的投資, 然后總成本包括生產(chǎn)成本、 費(fèi)用的事故和預(yù)防職業(yè)疾病成本,小國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)者將承擔(dān)總的費(fèi)用上升帶來(lái)的損失。我們將加強(qiáng)職業(yè)安全和健康的壓力,在安全生產(chǎn)和監(jiān)管加強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)和機(jī)制之間的關(guān)系;把安全生產(chǎn)達(dá)到法律制度的系統(tǒng)要求。因此,當(dāng)我們進(jìn)行安全和國(guó)際貿(mào)易時(shí)我們應(yīng)考慮制定適當(dāng)總體規(guī)劃。我們相信隨著生產(chǎn)力的快速發(fā)展我們將達(dá)到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家安全保障的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 借鑒國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn) [8],我們應(yīng)建立和完善生產(chǎn)和法律安全監(jiān)管體系,頒布和執(zhí)行安全生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃,建立強(qiáng)大的安全生產(chǎn)目的論 ;在此同時(shí),我國(guó)出口企業(yè)應(yīng)適應(yīng)目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)包括綠色安全生產(chǎn)、 研究和開(kāi)發(fā)綠色、 安全的產(chǎn)品,是對(duì)安全保護(hù)和公眾的健康,提高 [ 7] 國(guó)際貿(mào)易的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)很有好處。由于國(guó)內(nèi)公眾的需要,我們將制定內(nèi)部和外部企業(yè) 的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然后所采取的預(yù)防措施造成的總成本的增加防止和處理事故和職業(yè)疾病的大的國(guó)家是對(duì)他們的就業(yè)很好。在圖 2 中,如果大的國(guó)家不采取積極措施提高安全的投資,總費(fèi)用是 AElQlO,如果大國(guó)家采取活動(dòng)步驟增加安全的投資,總成本 BE2Q2O。如果教育署 即是說(shuō),價(jià)格上漲 1 %,需求將會(huì)小于 1%。雖然收入總額是 P2E2Q2O 中,條件是它們采取積極步驟防止事故,職業(yè)疾病。如果絕對(duì)的需求曲線的斜率大于的斜率供給曲線,在進(jìn)口國(guó)的最終用戶將進(jìn)行更多的比例 ;相反,生產(chǎn) 者在出口國(guó)將進(jìn)行更多比例的總成本。 從圖 2 我們可以看到: 如果大國(guó)家采取活動(dòng)步驟增加安全的投資,然后總成本包括生產(chǎn)性費(fèi)用、 成本的意外,和職業(yè)疾病預(yù)防成本將會(huì)喪失了將由最終用戶在導(dǎo)入國(guó)家共享。因此,防止事故,職業(yè)疾病使出口供給 曲線移動(dòng)(從 S39。在圖 2,在大的國(guó)家的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格是從 P1 到 P2。 如果大國(guó)家采取積極的步驟,防止意外事故、 職業(yè)疾病的總成本包括生產(chǎn)成本、 費(fèi)用的事故和預(yù)防成本占領(lǐng)的疾病,也會(huì)。作為大的國(guó)家有豐富的數(shù)量,出口數(shù)量將會(huì)影響國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的這些出口貨物,因此, D 是右底部的一條曲線。 在圖 2 中, X 軸和 Y 軸顯示相同的變量圖 1。如果大國(guó)家采取積極的步驟,防止事故、 職業(yè)疾病的總成本會(huì)上升,這使國(guó)際市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)不足,然后價(jià)格會(huì)波動(dòng) ,這樣大的國(guó)家就可以彌補(bǔ)了向上的成本,增加的價(jià)格產(chǎn)品,并減少出口比賽的預(yù)防事故、 職業(yè)疾病。出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)如果影響在小國(guó)家小國(guó)家不防止或控制安全事故,占領(lǐng)疾病。在與此同時(shí),產(chǎn)生盈余的小國(guó)家下降到三角形 B。在圖 1 中,安全保護(hù)對(duì)出口的不利影響小國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)向 左轉(zhuǎn) (從 S 到 S39。 如果小國(guó)家采取積極的步驟增加的安全投資,然后總成本包括生產(chǎn)成本意外和占領(lǐng)的預(yù)防成本的成本疾病會(huì)了。它表明,出口數(shù)量的小國(guó)家是根據(jù)第 1 季度國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。 小國(guó)家有不豐富的數(shù)量,出口數(shù)量將不會(huì)影響國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格 ( P0) 的這些出口的貨物,因此, DM 是一個(gè)水平。 在中圖 1, X 軸表示給定的產(chǎn)品出口數(shù)量和 Y 軸表示的價(jià)格和成本的出口貨物。如果小國(guó)家 (發(fā)展中國(guó)家 )采取積極措施提高安全的投資,然后總成本包括生產(chǎn)成本、 意外事故,成本和職業(yè)疾病的預(yù)防成本,總成本將不是小的國(guó)家不能控制國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格,他們是僅接收器,他們可以不彌補(bǔ)損失的價(jià)格上升,向上的總成本將會(huì)影響本機(jī)產(chǎn)品出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 另外,安全保護(hù)是否可以影響其產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)取決于他們的成本,以及它們的價(jià)值。在經(jīng)過(guò)分析后,我們并不認(rèn)為的雙贏條件是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì) 發(fā)展和安全保護(hù)。 2) 如果我們減少在生產(chǎn)中事故的發(fā)生,通過(guò)安全生產(chǎn)造成的職業(yè)疾病,它是可能增加或減少安全投資,因而不能確定提高出口商品的總成本??陀^地說(shuō),有一些國(guó)家不敢在安全保護(hù)上采取行動(dòng),他們擔(dān)心嚴(yán) 格的安全保護(hù)將會(huì)影響其產(chǎn)品的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在一個(gè)短的