【正文】 al knowl edge to expl ai n them . But onl y hi s new theory coul d do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on i t, gradual l y im provi ng his theory until he fel t i t was pl ete. In 1514 he showed it pri vatel y to hi s fri ends. The changes he made to the old theory were revol uti onary. H e pl aced a fi xed sun at the centre of the sol ar system wi th the pl as goi ng round i t and onl y the m oon sti l goi ng round the earth. H e also suggested that the earth was spi nni ng as it went round the sun and this expl ai ned changes i n the m ovement of the pl as and i n the bri ghtness of the stars. Hi s friends were enthusiasti c and encouraged him to publ ish hi s i deas, but Coperni cus was cauti ous. H e di d not want to be attacked by the Christi an Church, so he onl y publi shed it as he l ay dyi ng i n 1543. Certai nl y he was ri ght to be careful. The Christi an Church rejected his theory, sayi ng i t was agai nst God’s i dea and peopl e who supported it woul d be attacked. Yet Coperni cus’ theory i s now the basi s on which al l our i deas of the uni verse are bui l t. Hi s theory repl aced the Chri sti an i dea of gravi ty, whi ch sai d thi ngs tel l to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed thi s was obvi ousl y wrong. N ow peopl e can see that there i s a di rect li nk between hi s theory and the work of Isaac N ewton, Al bert Ei nstei n and Stephen H awki ng. Uni t 2 PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPH Y Peopl e m any wonder why di fferent words are used to descri be these four countri es: Engl and, Wal es, Scotl and and N orthern Irel and. You can cl ari fy this questi on i f you study Bri ti sh history. Fi rst there was Engl and. Wal es was li nked to i t i n the thi rteenth century. N ow when peopl e refer to Engl and you fi nd Wal es i ncl uded as wel . Next Engl and and Wal es were joi ned to Scotl and i n the seventeenth century and the nam e was changed to “Great Bri tain”. H appi l y thi s was apli shed wi thout confli ct when Ki ng James of Scotl and becam e Ki ng of England and Wal es as wel . Final y the Engli sh governm ent tri ed i n the earl y twenti eth century to form the Uni ted Ki ngdom by getti ng Irel and connected i n the sam e peaceful way. However, the southern part of Irel and was unwi l ing and broke away to form i ts own governm ent. So onl y Northern Irel and joi ned wi th England, Wal es and Scotl and to be e the Uni ted Kingdom and thi s was shown to the worl d i n a new flag cal ed the Uni on Jack. To thei r credi t the four countries do work together i n some areas(eg, the currency and internati onal rel ati ons), but they stil have very di fferent i nsti tuti ons. For exampl e, N orthern Ireland, England and Scotl and have di ferent educati onal and l egal system s as wel l as di fferent footbal l team s for peti ti ons l i ke the Worl d Cup! Engl and i s the l argest of the four countri es, and for conveni ence i t i s di vi ded roughl y i nto three zones. The zone nearest France i s cal l ed the South of Engl and, the m i ddl e zone i s cal l ed the Mi dl ands and the one nearest to Scotl and i s known as the N orth. You fi nd m ost of the popul ati on set tl ed i n the south, but m ost of the i ndustri al ci ti es i n the Mi dl ands and the N orth of Engl and. Al though, nati onwi de, them e parks are not onl y am usi ng but also educati onal . Take the Pol ynesi an Cul tural Center (PCC) i n H awai i for exam pl e. It not onl y shows visi tors the Pol ynesi an way of li fe but al so protects their skil l s and culture for the future. Pol ynesia i s the nam e given to m any groups of sm al l isl ands that are spread about the Pacifi c O cean. The PCC i s set i n 42 acres of beautiful countrysi de where vi si tors can see seven different tradi ti onal Pol ynesi an i sl and vi l ages. Vil l agers from m any i sl and muni ti es e to show vi sitors thei r styles of dress and di fferent custom s. For exam ple, you can see di fferent skil ls of the vi l agers. You can l earn how they m ake cl othes from bark and how they cl im b very tal trees wi th thei r bare feet or see what ki nd of weddi ng cerem oni es they have. They also tel you about thei r soci al custom s and show you thei r cooki ng m ethods and thei r dances. Thei r m ost im portant ski l i s boatbuil di ng, whi ch al owed the i sl anders to explore al the isl ands i n the Pol ynesi an Triangl e. We know that i n their hi story they were sea travel ers m ovi ng from i sl and to i sl and. They were abl e to fi nd thei r way usi ng the smel of the wi n, the m ovem ents of the fish and seaweed, and the hei ght and di recti on of the waves. They were very cl ever sail ors. N ow they use those boatbuil di ng ski l s to m ake long boats and show the races and the battl es that they took part i n l ong ago. Al thi s hel ps keep the skil l s and the technol ogy of the i sland peopl e al i ve. 必修五 Uni t 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA John Snow was a famous doctor i n London—so expert, i ndeed, that he attended Queen Vi ctori a as her personal physi ci an. But he becam e i nspi red when he thought about hel pi ng ordi nary peopl e exposed to chol era. Thi s was the deadl y di sease of i ts day. N ei ther i ts cause nor i ts cure was understood. So m any thousands of terri fi ed peopl e di ed every tim e there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the chal l enge and sol ve this probl em . H e knew that chol era woul d never be control ed until i ts cause was found. H e becam e i nterested i n two theori es that possi bly expl ai ned how chol era kil l ed peopl e. The fi rst suggested that chol era m ulti pl i ed in the ai r. A cl oud of dangerous gas fl oated around until i t found i ts vi cti m s. The second suggested that peopl e absorbed thi s di sease i nto their bodi es wi th thei r m eal s. From the stom ach the di sease qui ckl y attacke