【正文】 的討論和研究，本文主要敘述了關于鋼筋混凝土，土方工程方面的相關知識，讓我們更加深入的了解 這方面的主要關鍵論述，以及合理應用知識來幫助我們設計更加優(yōu)良的建筑 。 (3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction。 (4) Predicted life of the structure. All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as： (1) Initial cost of the construction。 (2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure。 (3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure。 and corrosion. Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into: (1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters. (2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters. Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, putational methods can be separated into: (1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses puted under maximum loads are pared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors. (2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ). The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are pared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . 6 From the four possible binations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful putational methods. Generally, two binations prevail: (1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses. (2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states. The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then bined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon : (1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure )。 early or excessive cracks。 elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure。 failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism。 and the articulated type of about m 179。, and the largest standard types are of about m 179。 struck capacity ( 25 m 179。many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m 179。1 2 外文翻譯 Introduction to reinforced concrete and earth works Abstract： As a designer must first clear the building structure itself was designed and intensity levels, as well as related issues indepth discussion and research, this paper describes on the reinforced concrete, earthwork engineering knowledge, let more indepth understanding of this Discusses the key, and the rational application of knowledge to help us design more excellent building Keywords: concrete, earthwork, structural safety Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high pressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its pressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to pensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the position of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modi