服務(wù)業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)ν馍讨苯油顿Y的開放：鑒于國際的比較分析【外文翻譯】-其他專業(yè)-文庫吧資料
2025-01-27 12:22本頁面
【正文】 ribution. 1. Introduction As in the case of manufacturing, countries bene?t from FDI in services through employment creation, capital accumulation, transfer of technology, improved service and increased petition. Moreover, liberalisation of FDI in services can contribute to manufacturing productivity by increasing availability of quality of productionrelated services (Arnold et al., 2021, 2021。 Gould et al., 2021). Critics argue that FDI can also impose economic costs such as displacement of local ?rms and reduced petition. Infant ‘entrepreneurship’ arguments can be adduced in favour of discrimination against foreign 2 investors. Service sectors are also typically subject to economic or prudential regulation, because of tendencies towards natural monopoly or other market failures, although such market failures do not in themselves provide a clearcut rationale for discrimination between local and foreign investors. The main reasons for limiting foreign ownership in services are noneconomic, relating to national security or economic nationalism. Industries such as telemunications, banking, transportation and electricity provision are often viewed by host countries as ‘strategic’ or ‘sensitive’. Services are therefore generally subject to far more stringent restrictions than manufacturing and even natural resources (Hotelman, 1995). The crossborder provision of services, unlike goods, often can only be delivered through mercial presence. setting up of foreign operations, rather than international trade in the item itself. It is therefore to be expected that FDI plays a prominent role in the globalization of the service sector, fostered in part by partial opening of service industries to FDI. Formal international agreements on FDI and on trade in services have been far less extensive than on international trade in goods, although various global negotiations and regional freetrade agreements often cover some aspects of international investment in services, notably the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provisions on mercial presence. To the extent that it has occurred, opening to FDI in services has primarily been unilateral. FDI in services has been increasing rapidly, raising the stakes in the debates about policies. In 2021, services constituted the majority of inward FDI stocks, at almost twothirds for developed countries, and about 50 per cent for developing countries, up considerably from 1990. Within services, ?nance, trade and business services are the three largest categories, but transport, munications and electricity have also been increasing rapidly. It should be noted, however, that the share of services in total FDI remains smaller than the share of services in world GDP, re?ecting in part the fact tha
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