【正文】
tion enterprise project cost control analysis of the current project cost Problems and the causes of the current project implementation In summary, the current project of cost management, accounting only after the accounting, rather than advance the prevention and control things. The reasons are : lack of cost awareness. simply that the cost of management is the financial sector or the superior leadership, have nothing to do with them. only focused on the production tasks are pleted and contracting profit and loss, the groups have a negative effect. Therefore, project to mobilize the full participation of the Ministry of cost control, deepening of the project cost management imperative. Project Department analysis of the reasons for the losses as a project of building products Commodities direct producers, both under the contract and construction drawings, selfregulating anizations of the construction authority, but also by contracting, design, Enterprises and other projects related to the construction of the units affected and constrained. In addition, geological and climate changes, Design changes, but on objective factors of the construction projects have a significant impact, and all of the above factors will affect the cost of project expenditures. Lost control of the cost of the socalled subjective reasons, Subjective reasons refer to the project, can not dispose of any external influence on the control of the costs, As mentioned above the project with the Ministry of Construction for the autonomy of the cost. mainly include the following aspects : 12 1) No strict cost control of the overall goal or no cost control goals. Most of the loss items Department head, there is no cost control goals. Although some but not strictly enforced, thus the cost of the project is out of control. 2) Materials, spare parts planning, procurement, inspection, custody, out of the reservoir, consumption of the system is not sound. the loss of the item, the purchase of materials and accessories unplanned phenomenon abound. procurement lies in the number of project managers even material, the result is bound to lead to a backlog of material, cost overruns. 3) Serious quality problems. serious losses Project Department, almost all relatively serious quality problems, resulting in rework, repair, It seems a repetition of construction, increase the costs of construction. For example, in the bridge construction, there is the basis sank, Pier deflect such phenomena. 4) Unreasonable arrangements. During the construction process, the project was not in a reasonable allocation of manpower, materials, equipment and other resources. lead to a waste of sabotage work。 paid attention to quality control to eliminate redone, shorten the acceptance and reduce expenses。 Finance Ministry in charge of the project39。 engineering technology department should ensure the quality, Regular tasks to plete as much as possible under the premise adopt advanced technology in order to reduce costs。 The other must proceed from actual conditions, enacted subjective efforts could achieve a reasonable level of the minimum cost. 2) Overall cost control principles. Cost Management is a prehensive enterprisewide, and full management of the entire process, also known as the three of management. The full project cost control is a system of substantive content, including the departments, the responsibility for the work and team economic accounting, and so on, to prevent the cost control is everybody39。所以 “ 增產(chǎn)節(jié)約,增收節(jié)支 ” 是每一個建筑企業(yè)的共同點,這就需要在實踐中不斷的總結(jié)和提高成本控制的方式和方法,以保證項目成本目標的實現(xiàn)。 8 小結(jié) 施工項目成本控制是一項復雜的系統(tǒng)工程。 進行成本分析,提高企業(yè)成本管理水平 施工結(jié)束后,要根據(jù)總成本計劃和可控成本計劃與最終實際成本進行對比分析,成本分析可采用圖表等多種形式,不但要對比分析總成本,還要對工序成本進行分析,而且以工序分析為主,得出工序成本升高或降低的原因。總成本計劃分為兩部分: 7 1) 項目不可控成本:指稅金、上級管理費等項目管理層無法主觀控制的部分; 2) 項目可控成本:總成本計劃中除了不可控成本以外的全部成本,如分包成本、責任成本、現(xiàn)場經(jīng)費等。二者的構(gòu)成比例如何,項目成本如何劃分,這是關系企業(yè)成本 控制的關鍵問題。任何項目部都不得讓外部單位以企業(yè)的名義承攬工程、驗工計價和結(jié)算工程款。 3) 嚴格禁止 外部 單位掛靠施工。 2) 嚴格按照規(guī)定撥付和結(jié)算工程款。項目部要結(jié)合實際,制定與控制成本有關的規(guī)章制定,如材料采購、保管、驗收、出庫、消耗制度,勞動報酬管理制度,設備管理辦法,財務管理辦法,會計核算規(guī)定,安全、質(zhì)量管理辦法,驗工計價辦法等,并建立起項目部的成本控制和內(nèi)部監(jiān)督機制。在合同履行過程中,要嚴格按照合同有關條款進行處理。 6 5) 加強合同管理。積極預防和避免可能發(fā)生的安全、質(zhì)量事故,對事故的多發(fā)區(qū)域時刻監(jiān)控。 4) 強化安全、質(zhì)量管理。項目部對施工隊和員工,要按照成本的可控原則,分清項目部、施工隊和員工對各項成本的責任單價,包括工日單價、材料單價、機械臺班單價和單位、費率或定額。同時,要充分考慮資金的時間價值,選擇合適的付款方式。 2) 實行材料招標采購。對每一項中標的工程,在正式開工前,確定該工程項目和分項工程所需的工日、材料、設備數(shù)量,同時確 定該工程項目和分項工程的人工、材料、機械費用和間接費用。 自行施工的項目部的成本控制措施 所謂自行施工的項目部,是指由企業(yè)直接組織內(nèi)部員工和農(nóng)民合同工、臨時工和勞務隊伍組成內(nèi)部施工隊、混編施工隊和勞務分包施工隊進行施工所組成的項目部。由于工程任務銜接不上或其他原因,一些項目部有窩工現(xiàn)象,在此期間需要支付各項窩工費用,如員工工資或基本生活費、固定資產(chǎn)折舊費、項目部間接費等。由于投標與施工現(xiàn)場實際的差異,個別工程項目的施工組織設計在實施時存在部分不合理現(xiàn)象,如對人員、材料、設備的計劃和 5 安排出現(xiàn)誤差,對個別分項工程或工序的工期、質(zhì)量考慮欠缺等,都可能使項目部的成本增加。比如發(fā)包單 位增加工程數(shù)量、延長或縮短施工工期、改變施工方案和提高工程的質(zhì)量等級等。 3) 設計變更。同時也會使分項工程成本出現(xiàn)較大的變化。 2) 地質(zhì) 、氣候 變化。這些因素有: 1) 成本。 客觀因素的影響是項目部總成本增加的一個方面 所謂客觀因素,是指項目部無法控制而又必須 完成 或必然出現(xiàn)的事情或現(xiàn)象,如發(fā)包單位、設計單位、企業(yè)在合同條款之外對項目部施工發(fā)出的有關指令,地質(zhì)和氣候的變化,設計 的變更等。 6) 合同管理混亂。 5) 安全事故較多。 4 4) 施工安排不合理。虧損嚴重的項目部,幾乎全部存在比較嚴重質(zhì)量問題,從而導致返工、修 復、推倒重來等重復施工的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生,加大了工程成本。在虧損的項目部中,購買材料、配件無計劃的現(xiàn)象比比皆是,采購數(shù)量的多少全在于項目經(jīng)理甚至于材料員,其結(jié)果必然導致材料的積壓、超支。有的雖有 卻沒有嚴格執(zhí)行,因而使項目部的成本處于失控狀態(tài)。主要包括如下幾個方面: 1) 沒有嚴格執(zhí)行成本控制的總目標或者根本沒有成本控制的總 目標。另外,地質(zhì)和氣候的變化、設計的變更等客觀因素也會對項目部的施工產(chǎn)生重大影響,而上述所有因素均會影響到項目部的成本支出。因此,動員項目部全員參與成本控制,深化項目部的成本管理勢在必行。 6 目前施工企業(yè)項目成本控制分析 當前項目成本的問題及原因 當前項目部的成本管理,只是會計的事后核算,而不是事前預防和事中控制。增收提效, 3 強化成本控制與索賠將是今后加強經(jīng)營管理的重點。隨著鐵路企業(yè)的快速發(fā)展, 建筑市場競爭越來越激烈。因此,加強項目成本控制是目前一條非?,F(xiàn)實的途徑。目前鐵路施工企業(yè)剛剛推向市場,參與市場競爭,將面臨著嚴峻的市場考驗。 制訂先進的經(jīng)濟合理的施工方案,以達到縮短工期、提高質(zhì)量、降低成本的目的;嚴把質(zhì)量關杜絕 返工現(xiàn)象,縮短驗收時間,節(jié)省費用開支;控制人工費、材料費、機械費及其他間接費。只有真正做