【正文】 , and adopting an information process tofoster industrialization capable of accelerating theadvancement of the software industry. According to China [37], the development of the software industrychain can be divided into four major phases:(1) Emerging Phase (1970s to late 1980s). In 1978, Chinaestablished the State Bureau for the Computer Industry,indicating that its software industry had of?ciallyemerged as a world power. Thereafter many relatedpanies and corporations were established,including China Computer Service Co. (predecessor ofChina Software), China Computer Software Co., ChinaComputer System Integration Co., China ComputerSystemIntegrationCompany,etc.,layingthefoundationfor the longterm development of the Chinese softwareindustry.(2) Initial Phase (early 1980s to late 1980s). During the early1980s, China began pursuing bined scienti?c andeconomic research, and with the acceleration ofeconomic openness, numerous software industryassociations appeared. Through the late 1980s, theChinese software industry catered to market andcustomer demand, and then made major strides intoeconomic reform.(3) Entry Phase (early 1990s to early 2020s).Duringtheearly1990s, to maximize cluster advantages, China modeledits industry development after that of Taiwan. It beganestablishing software parks, and implementing clusterdevelopment. A series of major construction projectswere executed, followed by related software applications. In 2020, the State Council of China issued the No.18 Document, “Notice on Promoting the Continuousand Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market”after which the Chinese software industry realized animproved environment and larger development space.The Chinese software industry had entered the fullscale development phase.(4) Developing Phase (2020 to present). Since 2020, China’ssoftware enterprises have entered the work software phase in which major Inter and softwarework sales and operations emerged, and softwareexports gradually increased. The number of work?rms sharply increased, and they introduced worksoftware that attracted widespread approval. Additionally, with stock market growth, many Chinesesoftware ?rms have sought listing on the . stockmarkets, thus attracting overseas investment. Since2020, numerous multinational panies, includingIBM, Microsoft,andOracle,have investedin theChinesesoftware market to reduce their operating costs,customize their products and be close to the Chinesemarket. The huge Chinese software market has beea key market and a focal point of petition amongTo assess the current status of the software industry inDalian, some key variables need to be noted. Numerousinternational studies have identi?ed many causes of?ed the following critical factors that contribute to industrial development:. Jan et al. / Technology in Society 34 (2020) 163–173166C15 local governments encourage public and private organizations to incubate and recruit talent to providesuf?cient manpowerC15 local governments initially and actively invest in infrastructure, and adopt various preferential policies toencourage enterprises to invest capital (generalizedindustry cluster formation worldwide, including regionaland original demand and supply for market structures,innovation by panies, and chance events [14,15]. Theseclustering factors generate virtuous cycles when they aresupported by local governments and private enterprises,thus expanding the industry’s market scale, in turn furtherexpanding the industry cluster [14,38–41].This study analyzed some of the academic literature onindustry clusters [14–23,38–41], and subsequently identirelated global software panies and manufacturers.Due to market demand promoting supply in the software industry, the Chinese government has strengthened its infrastructure to facilitate active cooperationwith in?owing foreign capital and the convergence ofglobal talent. The Chinese software industry hasentered a phase of rapid development.. Software industry scale in ChinaSince 2020, the Chinese software industry has developed rapidly. Then the market size was just US$million。 it also has approved eleven keysoftware parks in Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Jinan, Xian,Nanjing, Changsha, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, andZhuhai as national industrial bases for advancing overallsoftware industry development [11].Since the establishment of the Dalian Software Development Park in 1998, the output value of the software andinformation service industry there has developed rapidly,achieving a pound growth rate exceeding 50%. In1. IntroductionIndustrial development in any countrydynamic, and sustained process thathistory, culture, politics, economy, socdevelopment. The development is contrrelated policies that are implementedIn addition, state guidance of indus0160791X/$ – see front matter Crown Copyright C211doi:is a plex,eatly affected bynd the timing ofd by technologycountry [1–3].evelopment canRiver. In another example, an automobile industry clustercentered around Jiangsu, Fujian, and Guangdong hasdeveloped gradually and now has the potential to developinto an international automobile manufacturing base inChina [10–12]. Since 1978, the Chinese government haspromoted a series of development projects to serve itsdomestic softwareindustry, includingthe “Torch Program,”“Ten National Software Industry Bases,”“Six NationalSustainable citiesSystem dynamicsfrom limited environmental resources.Crown Copyright C211 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Software industry developmentclustering of talent, technology, and capital and their mutual reinforcement. This studyalso discusses future bottlenecks to growth in the Dalian software industry that may resultThe effect of clusters on the develop