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【正文】 are introduced into a system. Each kilomole of added matter has its own internal energy that is released to the rest of the system, possibly in a chemical reaction . the added energy is proportional to dn and may be written as dn? . The quantity ? is called the chemical potential. The chemical potential is associated with intermolecular forces. An electrically polarized molecule experiences a coulomb attraction when it is brought into the vicinity of another such molecule,*this force is expressed as a negative potential energy, a sort of “potential well.” As the new particle approaches its neighbor, it gains kiic energy while losing potential energy. The kiic energy is imparted to other particles through collisions, so the system gains internal energy in the process. Consider a motionless motionless molecule infinitely distant from other molecules. Its kiic energy and potential energy are both zero. The molecule is moved into the force field of a second molecule. This can , in principle, be done slowly so that the kiic energy is negligibly small. Left by itself, however, the molecule picks up kiic energy in magnitude to the depth of potential well()quantitatively, )(rV???? Where E is the totle energy, K is the kiic energr, and )(rV is the potential energy。 差分方程( )給出 jj jjj j dndndG ?? ?? ?? ( ) 注意到 ? ?mnnPTGG .. .., 1? 。因此 U 是適用于歐拉定理的齊次函數(shù): ( ) kkk nVSjmj jnSnV nUnVUVSUSU,1, ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? 從 U 的微分中我們知道, TSUknV??????? ??,, PVU knS ?????????? ,,jnVSj knU ???????????? , ( ) 把( )式中的關(guān)系代入( )式,我們得到 jmj j nPVSTU ????? 1 ? ( ) 我們已知吉布斯函數(shù)被定義為 PVSTUG ??? ,立即可得 jmj jnG ??? 1? ( ) 如果只有一個組成部分存在, 則 nG ?? 或 nG?? ,在此種情形下 ? 就是每千摩爾單位的這種物質(zhì)的吉布斯函數(shù)。 歐拉定理表明 ,如果 ),(),( zyxfzyxf ???? ?
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