【正文】 然而，承包商可以在控制 過(guò)程中扮演重要角色 使用他們過(guò)去的建設(shè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及他們分包商和供應(yīng)商的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)來(lái)降低成本費(fèi)用，這些可能是業(yè)主和 /或者設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)在之前所沒(méi)有考慮到的。這些成本的降低不僅 滿足了他們的成本預(yù)算，而且通過(guò)將變更添加到合同附件中來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目的順利建設(shè)。 MEP系統(tǒng)通常占了建筑項(xiàng)目成本的 30%50%。在所列的這些范圍中有些需要大量的設(shè)計(jì)變更 并導(dǎo)致工期延誤。 通過(guò) WBS圖來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題和 /或者找出需要考慮的地方 這個(gè)部分 向承包商提供了需要審查和 /或提出問(wèn)題的地方，這是建立在 WBS圖基礎(chǔ)上來(lái)降低施工成本。 WBS是一種將項(xiàng)目分為最基本組成成分 的樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu) 圖 。然而，在當(dāng)今的市場(chǎng)上，一些承包商會(huì)通過(guò)價(jià)格談判 來(lái)補(bǔ)償沒(méi)有中標(biāo)時(shí)他們所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和精力。 項(xiàng)目工作的每個(gè)決定應(yīng)該通過(guò)價(jià)值工程方法的檢驗(yàn)和評(píng)估。 其次，承包商的角色就是要利用他們 在估 算和施工 方面 的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)來(lái)分析項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)各 組成成分和體系， 從而找 到 方案。對(duì)于被選中參加協(xié)商談判的承包商來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)獲得項(xiàng)目的機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也是 與業(yè)主和設(shè)計(jì)單位建立信任、公開(kāi) 化 關(guān)系的機(jī)會(huì)。比如說(shuō)減少整個(gè)屋頂外圍斜屋頂上的排水系統(tǒng)就是一個(gè)減少數(shù)量的例子；用乙烯組成的瓷磚（ VCT）替代普通的瓷磚 就 是 為了說(shuō)明 降低質(zhì)量 水平來(lái)達(dá)到縮小范圍的目的 。 縮小項(xiàng)目 成本支出的 范圍 縮小 支出 范圍包括在業(yè)主可接受基礎(chǔ)上降低質(zhì)量水平、減少數(shù)量或者兩者同時(shí)減少。 VE評(píng)估的生命周期包括初始成本、維修成本、運(yùn)營(yíng)成本、產(chǎn)品的壽命、貨幣時(shí)間價(jià)值、重置成本以及替換的頻率。 ?評(píng)估：評(píng)估各種方法對(duì)于滿足需求和降低成本的程度。 VE的基本步驟包括 以下幾個(gè)方面： ?信息收集：定義項(xiàng)目的需求、進(jìn)行功能分析。 通用公司開(kāi)發(fā)了一種稱(chēng)為價(jià)值分析的過(guò)程體系。VE起源于二戰(zhàn)期間美國(guó)通用電氣公司。價(jià)值增加不僅可以通過(guò)提高功能還可以通過(guò)降低生產(chǎn)成本來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。實(shí)現(xiàn)成本的降低通?？梢圆捎靡韵路椒ǎ? ?價(jià)值 工程 ?縮小 項(xiàng)目 成本支出的 范圍 價(jià)值工程 價(jià)值工程（ VE）被定義為一種提高商品和服務(wù)的價(jià)值并降低成本的系統(tǒng)的方法。 ?建筑行業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力成本的上漲。 ?颶風(fēng)所造成的危害導(dǎo)致美國(guó)材料需求的增長(zhǎng)。在過(guò)去的幾年中，美國(guó)很多地區(qū)的建筑行業(yè)的成本的增長(zhǎng)率已經(jīng)從歷史的水平迅速增加到每年 10%15%。在過(guò)去幾年中這一趨勢(shì)急劇增加，許多建筑行業(yè)都受到成本增加的沖擊。 have crane and hoisting options been pared? ? Can the Owner include the Builders Risk policy?. Breaking down and analyzing the ponents of a building project through the work breakdown structure can aid in reduction summaries also reveal that the mechanical, electrical and plumbing(MEP) systems typically offer the greatest opportunity for cost savings due to their total significance to a project. The MEP systems normally make up between 30 to 50 percent of a building project39。 ? standard designs in place of custom elements。 ? drilled caissons vs. piles。s role is to use his estimating and construction expertise to analyze various ponents and systems within the project for alternate solutions. The contractor should also bring in key subcontractors and suppliers who are often able to identify alternate materials and/or systems within their specialties. Each division of work should be examined and evaluated for VE solutions. In past years, this process and service was considered part of the building contractors overhead. However, in today39。 Value Engineering Value engineering (VE) has been defined as a systematic method to improve the value of goods and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost. Ⅲ 9 It is a primary te of value engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements . VE is a process originating at General Electric Company (GE) during World War II. Because of shortages of skilled labor, raw materials, and ponent parts, engineers at GE looked for acceptable alternates and often found substitutions that resulted in reduced costs and/or product improvement. GE developed a systematic process that they called value analysis. Over the years the name gradually changed to VE. The basic steps of VE include the following： ? Information gathering: project requirements defined, function analysis. ? Alternates: various ways of meeting the requirements and functions. ? Evaluation: assessment of alternates on how well they meet requirements and costs savings. ? Presentation: selection of best alternatives to be presented to client for decisions. True VE evaluates life cycle costs such as initial cost, maintenance cost, operational cost, life span, time value of money, replacement cost, and frequency of replacement. VE can be undertaken at any stage of the building design process。s budgets. This trend has increased dramatically over the past few years, as much of the construction industry has been impacted by an unprecedented increase in the cost of construction. The historical rate of increase in construction cost has been under five percent per year, as reported by the Engineering News Record . Over the last few years, the industry has seen a significant increase from historical escalation rates, up to 1015 percent per year in many regions of the US. These increases have been caused by a variety of factors, including the following. ? Shortage of steel resulting from rapid growth in China. ? Demand for materials in the US resulting from increased hurricane damage. ? Rising oil prices leading to higher manufacturing and transportation cost. ? Rising labor cost because of increased construction activity . To be successful in having over budget projects awarded, the building contractor has had to take a proactive role in working with owners and design teams to reduce project cost to amounts that owners are able to award. This cost reduction is normally acplished through the following methods. ? value engineering。s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design Author： Waddle,Todd W. Nationality： UK Derivation： Cost Engineering。首先，必須建立一個(gè)高效率的監(jiān)管控制體系；其次，它必須包括影響成本預(yù)算目標(biāo)的主要 因素并將它按照重要性排序；第三，項(xiàng)目管理者應(yīng)該結(jié)合不同的科學(xué)控制方法以達(dá)到項(xiàng)目的成功。 為了確保變更程序是明確和毫不含糊的以及方便施工人員提出要求發(fā)生改變，應(yīng)該建立一個(gè)有效的變更控制體系。當(dāng)在開(kāi)展施工活動(dòng)的時(shí)候，不同于原計(jì)劃的各種方法必須被應(yīng)用來(lái)保 持項(xiàng)目向前推進(jìn)（根據(jù)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)）。在這種情況下，凈現(xiàn)值（ NPV）能夠被用來(lái)作 為一種持續(xù)監(jiān)控的方法，因?yàn)閮衄F(xiàn)值考慮了時(shí)間的因素來(lái)對(duì)未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流 折現(xiàn)，它是現(xiàn)金流考慮時(shí)間價(jià)值影響后的結(jié)果。為了控制這些成本費(fèi) 用，項(xiàng)目管理者首先應(yīng)該建立一個(gè)成本控制系統(tǒng)： a) 為財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的管