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制造對手然后干掉對手? 演繹:三段論 1. 列一個大前提( people will be getting old) 2. 列一個小前提 ( A is a person) 3. 得出結論 ( A will be old)? 對比:用相反性質的B去說明A? 類比:用相同本質的B去說明A just like / just as? 條件:列一個使論點成立的條件 owing to …A is able to …l For example / for instancel The reason for this is thatl X is a good example l X is a good illustration of this l X illustrates this pointl X shows this point clearlyl This can be illustrated briefly byl A wellknown example of this is l The case of … would add great weight to this reasoningl When we consider that… we shall see no reason to doubtl There is abundant reason to suppose thatl By way of illustration, X shows thatl One important fact seems to be witnessed by all historians is thatl If more direct examples were wanting, X might not improperly be taken notice of.l An example of this is the study carried out by Xl Another example of what is meant by X is l Another reason why X is considered to be important is that4. 邏輯連接詞l 并列meanwhile, besides, again, equally importantl 遞進 what’s more, in addition, furthermore, moreover, obviously, that is , indeed, in particular, surelyl 因果 cause/ lead to/ result in/ give rise to/ be stemmed from/ owing to / because of / as a result of / for sake of / for reason of therefore / consequently / because of this / as a result / for this reason / thus / X is an important factor in doing X is an important driving factor of B X has an influent on Another reason why A is considered to be important is that A consequence of X is Due to X, Y bees … as it The most likely cause of X is X exerts a powerful effect upon B throughl 轉折Admittedly / it is true that / of course …, howeverAs a matter of f