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1 。否則,腳弱拉高。 如果需要時,ALE操作可以通過設(shè)置位SFR的位置8EH 0。(編)是在1 / 6振蕩器頻率恒定的速率發(fā)射,并可能對外部定時或時鐘的用途。此管腳上出現(xiàn)兩個機器周期的高電平,而振蕩器運行將使器件復(fù)位。 接地:接地。掉電模式保存RAM的內(nèi)容,但凍結(jié)振蕩器關(guān)閉,直到下一個硬件復(fù)位芯片其它功能。此外,AT89C51是靜態(tài)邏輯設(shè)計與操作頻率下降到零,并支持兩種軟件可選的節(jié)電模式。通過將集成在一個芯片上通用的8位閃存的CPU,Atmel的AT89C51是一個強大的微型計算機提供了一個高度靈活和成本有效的解決方案為許多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用。該設(shè)備是采用Atmel的高密度非易失性內(nèi)存技術(shù),并與行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的MCS 51指令集和引腳兼容。其中熱電偶和電阻溫度探測器則被最廣泛的使用。有代表性的溫度傳感器包括:填充式熱系統(tǒng)、玻璃液體溫度計、熱電偶、電阻溫度探測器、熱敏電阻、雙金屬器件、光學(xué)和輻射高溫計和熱敏涂料。現(xiàn)行的溫度分度已使用了約200年,最初的儀器是基于氣體和液體的熱膨脹。假定電子壓力傳感器的量程為0~600kPa,增益定義為輸出變化除以輸入變化。有時,分析獲取描述傳感器/變送器特性的參數(shù)是很重要的。當(dāng)今,另一種電信號形式變的越來越常用,就是數(shù)字或離散信號。當(dāng)使用電子壓力變送器時,壓力就被轉(zhuǎn)換成電流或電壓形式的電信號。變送器輸出―對氣動變送器是輸出壓力―通過管道傳給記錄或控制儀表。當(dāng)使用氣動傳送系統(tǒng)時,測量信號就由變送器將比例為0%~100%的測量值轉(zhuǎn)換為氣動信號。使用這種系統(tǒng),就可以在某一地點安裝大多數(shù)的指示、記錄和控制儀器。為了消除這一問題,開發(fā)了一種信號傳輸系統(tǒng)。在過程工廠中,將控制儀表遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)放在過程的附近是不現(xiàn)實的,并且大多數(shù)測量是不容易從遠(yuǎn)處傳來的。工廠中的工作儀器通常包括壓力計、精密紀(jì)錄儀、以及氣動和電動的壓力變送器。在典型的過程工廠中,壓力影響沸點溫度、凝固點溫度、過程效率、消耗和其他重要因數(shù)??諝馕镔|(zhì)是有重量的,而且這種下壓的重量形成大氣壓。而在本設(shè)計中壓力和壓力變送器當(dāng)某一力加到某一面積上,就形成壓力,假如這力是1牛頓均勻地加在1平方米的面積上,這壓力被定義為1帕斯卡。各種類型的產(chǎn)品和過程控制器代表了當(dāng)今微計算機應(yīng)用的廣泛性,而具體的結(jié)構(gòu)取決于對“產(chǎn)品”一詞的解釋。另一種選擇是將程序在ROM中,這樣他們就變成電子“硬件”的一部分并常被稱為“固件”。對前一種情況,系統(tǒng)可以用常規(guī)的編程語言來編程,正如以后要介紹的語言那樣;而另一種情況,可采用特殊用途的語言,例如那種使控制器功能按照繼電器相互連接的方法進(jìn)行描述。而且,過程控制器通常更為復(fù)雜,所以要將他們做成單獨的集成電路就更為困難。這是,由于裝置是按特定的應(yīng)用情況由微機編程實現(xiàn)的,對用戶來說微計算機的存在通常就更加明顯。但是在可預(yù)見的未來,當(dāng)需要大量的存儲器或輸入/輸出時,還是有必要繼續(xù)將許多集成電路相互聯(lián)結(jié)起來,形成微計算機。當(dāng)商品被大量地生產(chǎn)時,這種單一芯片的使用就可節(jié)省相當(dāng)大的成本。 假如應(yīng)用中不需要太多的程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲量,微處理器、存儲器和輸入/輸出可全被包含在同一集成電路中。有些輸入/輸出裝置是通用型的,而另外一些則是設(shè)計來控制如磁盤驅(qū)動器的特殊硬件,或控制傳給其他計算機的信息傳輸。另有新類型的期器件不必用紫外線燈而用電察除,所以稱為電可察除可編程只讀存儲器EEPROM。有些ROM在制造時將其數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)本放入,而另外的則可通過特殊的設(shè)備由用戶編程,所以稱為可編程ROM。另一類型ROM(只讀存儲器)用來保持不受微處理器影響的固定的信息標(biāo)本;這些在電源切斷后不會丟失,并通常用來保存規(guī)定微處理器化系統(tǒng)運轉(zhuǎn)過程的程序。微計算機使用RAM(隨機存取存儲器),在RAM中數(shù)據(jù)被寫入,并且在需要被再次讀出。盡管圖中顯示的只有一個存儲單元,實際中有RAM和ROM兩種不同的存儲器被使用。該系統(tǒng)由微處理器控制,微處理器存儲器和輸入/輸出單元的信息傳輸。這種設(shè)計過程主要是軟件工程,而且在生產(chǎn)軟件時,就會遇到產(chǎn)生于常規(guī)工程中相似的構(gòu)造和維護(hù)問題。但是,規(guī)定系統(tǒng)運轉(zhuǎn)過程的軟件包含實現(xiàn)計數(shù)器功能的單元。存儲是利用存儲器電路,而的信息傳輸則是利用特定的輸入/輸出(I/O)電路。從此所有制成的計算機都是用這種結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的,盡管包含寬廣的物理形式,從根本上來說他們均是具有相同基本設(shè)計。系統(tǒng),它將處理,存儲和傳輸三個功能分離形成不同的系統(tǒng)單元。在常規(guī)的電子設(shè)計中,這些操作都是以功能平臺方式組合起來的,例如計數(shù)器,無論是電子還是機械,都要存儲當(dāng)前,按要求將該增1。 these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs. The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are generalpurpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other puters. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain specialpurpose microprocessors to permit quite plex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor. The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are generalpurpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other puters. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain specialpurpose microprocessors to permit quite plex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor. The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too much program or data storage . This is usually the case in lowcost application such as the controllers used in microwave ovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology develops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated into single chip microputers with resulting saving in assembly costs in the final products . For the