【正文】 Tie line: 結(jié)線二元相圖中穿過(guò)兩相平衡區(qū)的水平線；結(jié)線與相分界線之間的兩個(gè)交點(diǎn)各描述在所討論溫度下相的平衡組成。Solvus line: 固溶相線在相圖中描述固溶度與溫度關(guān)系的點(diǎn)的軌跡線System: 體系有兩種可能的含意：(1)所研究的對(duì)象既指定材料 (2) 由相同組元組成的一系列可存在的合金。Solidus line: 固相線在相圖中，連接平衡冷卻條件下完成凝固或者平衡加熱條件下開始熔化之點(diǎn)的軌跡線。Proeutectoid cementite: 先共析滲碳體過(guò)共析鋼中與珠光體共存的最初析出的滲碳體。Phase: 相體系具有相同的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)的均勻部分Phase diagram: 相圖用圖形來(lái)描述相平衡系統(tǒng)的成分、外界條件(例：溫度和壓力)與相的狀態(tài)，這種綜合圖形稱為相圖。Pearlite: 珠光體由共析成分的奧氏體轉(zhuǎn)變而得到的在一些鋼和鑄鐵中出現(xiàn)的兩相顯微結(jié)構(gòu)，是由a鐵素體和滲碳體交互形成的層狀或片狀組成。Microconstituent: 微組元顯微組織的組成，它具有確定的特征結(jié)構(gòu)。合金而言，此線上的液態(tài)溫度是在平衡冷卻條件下開始產(chǎn)生固相的溫度。Lever rule: 杠桿規(guī)則一種數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，用來(lái)計(jì)算在兩相平衡合金體系中的每一相的相對(duì)質(zhì)量。Invariant point: 三相點(diǎn)二元相圖中三相平衡共存的點(diǎn)Isomorphous: 同晶形具有相同結(jié)構(gòu)的物質(zhì)。Intermetallic pound: 金屬間化合物具有明確的化學(xué)式的兩種金屬間的化合物。Hypoeutectoid alloy: 亞共析合金可得到共析反應(yīng)的合金體系，此合金中溶質(zhì)的濃度小于共析成分。在平衡態(tài)，自由能達(dá)到其最小值。Ferrite: 鐵素體具有體心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的鐵aFe，同樣碳溶于aFe中的間隙固溶體稱為鐵素體。Eutectic reaction: 共晶反應(yīng)隨著冷卻過(guò)程，一個(gè)液相等溫可逆地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閮蓚€(gè)緊密混合的新固相的反應(yīng)。Eutectic structure: 共晶結(jié)構(gòu)具有共晶成分的液體凝固得到的兩相顯微結(jié)構(gòu)(組織) 。Equilibrium (Phase): 平衡(相)是指體系的一種狀態(tài)，在此狀態(tài)下，在無(wú)限長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，相的性質(zhì)保持不變。Cementite: 滲碳體鐵與碳形成的化合物Fe3C叫做滲碳體，%Component: 組元組成合金的化學(xué)組分(元素或化合物)，可用于確定其組成。Thermal fatigue. A type of fatigue failure wherein the cyclic stresses are introduced by fluctuating thermal stresses. 熱疲勞：一種疲勞失效類型，循環(huán)應(yīng)力是由于交變熱應(yīng)力引起的。Fatigue life (Nf ). The total number of stress cycles that will cause a fatigue failure at some specified stress amplitude. 疲勞壽命(Nf )：在某一指定應(yīng)力幅值下，引起疲勞失效的應(yīng)力循環(huán)總數(shù)。Corrosion fatigue. A type of failure that results from the simultaneous action of a cyclic stress and chemical attack. 腐蝕疲勞：由循環(huán)應(yīng)力和化學(xué)腐蝕同時(shí)作用導(dǎo)致的一類失效。Creep. The timedependent permanent deformation that occurs under stress。Case hardening. Hardening of the outer surface (or ‘‘case’’) of a steel ponent by a carburizing or nitriding process。Fatigue limit. For fatigue, the maximum stress amplitude level below which a material can endure an essentially infinite number of stress cycles and not fail. 疲勞極限：對(duì)疲勞而言，最大應(yīng)力幅值水平，低于該值材料可以承受無(wú)限次應(yīng)力循環(huán)而不失效。 the temperature range over which the transition occurs is determined by Charpy and Izod impact tests.延性脆性轉(zhuǎn)變：體心立方合金隨著溫度的降低表現(xiàn)出從延性到脆性行為的轉(zhuǎn)變。在評(píng)定材料的塑性脆性轉(zhuǎn)變行為方面很重要。Impact energy (notch toughness). A measure of the energy absorbed during the fracture of a specimen of standard dimensions and geometry when subjected to very rapid (impact) loading. Charpy and Izod impact tests are used to measure this parameter, which is important in assessing the ductileto brittle transition behavior of a material. 沖擊功（缺口韌性）：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸及形狀的試件受到快速?zèng)_擊載荷時(shí)，斷裂過(guò)程中所吸收能量的度量。Izod test. One of two tests (see also Charpy test) that may be used to measure the impact energy of a standard notched specimen. An impact blow is imparted to the specimen by a weighted pendulum.懸臂梁式?jīng)_擊實(shí)驗(yàn)：兩種用于測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缺口試件沖擊功實(shí)驗(yàn)的一種（另一種見(jiàn)Charpy test）。Charpy test. One of two tests (see also Izod test) that may be used to measure the impact energy or notch toughness of a standard notched specimen. An impact blow is imparted to the specimen by means of a weighted pendulum. 卻貝/擺錘式[單梁]沖擊實(shí)驗(yàn)：兩種用于測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缺口試件沖擊功或缺口韌性實(shí)驗(yàn)的一種（另一種見(jiàn)Izod test）。該條件存在于厚板，零應(yīng)變方向垂直于板面。Plane strain. The condition, important in fracture mechanical analyses, wherein, for tensile loading, there is zero strain in a direction perpendicular to both the stress axis and the direction of crack propagation。Stress raiser. A small flaw (internal or surface) or a structural discontinuity at which an applied tensile stress will be amplified and from which cracks may propagate. 應(yīng)力集中：一個(gè)小裂縫（內(nèi)部或表面的）或者是結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)，在該處施加的拉伸應(yīng)力將被放大，裂紋會(huì)擴(kuò)展。Intergranular fracture. Fracture of polycrystalline materials by crack propagation along grain boundaries. 沿晶斷裂：多晶材料裂紋沿著晶界擴(kuò)展而斷裂。Brittle fracture. Fracture that occurs by rapid crack propagation and without appreciable macroscopic deformation. 脆性斷裂：通過(guò)快速裂紋擴(kuò)展發(fā)生斷裂，沒(méi)有明顯的宏觀變形。此種反應(yīng)在橡膠的分子鏈間形成橫向連接，橡膠的彈性模量和強(qiáng)度會(huì)得到提高。 that is, a measure of a noncrystalline material’s resistance to permanent deformation.剪切應(yīng)力數(shù)值與其產(chǎn)生應(yīng)變速率的比值叫粘性，用來(lái)衡量非晶材料抵抗永久變形的能力。Strain hardening: 加工硬化The increase in hardness and strength of a ductile metal as it is plastically deformed below its recrystallization temperature.塑性材料于再結(jié)晶溫度以下進(jìn)行塑性變形引起的硬度和強(qiáng)度升高現(xiàn)象。Slip system: 滑移系The bination of a crystallographic plane and, within that plane, a crystallographic direction along which slip (., dislocation motion) occurs.滑移面和該面上一個(gè)滑移方向的組合稱為一個(gè)滑移系，晶體滑移（如位錯(cuò)的移動(dòng)）可以沿該系統(tǒng)發(fā)生。Slip: 滑移Plastic deformation as the result of dislocation motion。 normally an annealing heat treatment is necessary.在冷塑性變形材料的內(nèi)部生成等軸狀新晶粒的過(guò)程叫再結(jié)晶，通常發(fā)生于再結(jié)晶退火熱處理過(guò)程中。Recovery: 回復(fù)The relief of some of the internal strain energy of a previously coldworked metal, usually by heat treatment.冷塑性變形金屬釋放其部分應(yīng)變能的過(guò)程叫回復(fù)，通常采用熱處理的方法。 for most materials, an elevatedtemperature heat treatment is necessary.多晶體材料中晶粒尺寸的增大，對(duì)大多數(shù)材料來(lái)說(shuō)，晶粒長(zhǎng)大只在升高溫度加熱的時(shí)候發(fā)生。 alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.材料單位體積內(nèi)的位錯(cuò)線的總長(zhǎng)度，或者在一個(gè)隨機(jī)切面上的單位面積內(nèi)切斷的位錯(cuò)根數(shù)。Critical resolved shear stress( tcrss): 臨界剪切分切應(yīng)力That shear stress, resolved within a slip plane and direction, which is required to initiate slip.使得晶體開始滑移所需要的純剪切應(yīng)力，在某一特定滑移面和滑移方向上的分量。Yield strength: 屈服強(qiáng)度Yielding strength is indicative of the stress at which plastic deformation begins.屈服強(qiáng)度是指塑性形變開始發(fā)生時(shí)的應(yīng)力。True stress: 真應(yīng)力True stress σT is defined as the load F divided by the instantaneous crosssectional area Ai over which deformation is occurring, or σT =