【正文】 and (b) the date of exchange is the date of each exchange transaction (ie the date that each individual investment is recognised in the financial statements of the acquirer), whereas the acquisition date is the date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree. 26 Assets given and liabilities incurred or assumed by the acquirer in exchange for control of the acquiree are required by paragraph 24 to be measured at their fair values at the date of exchange. Therefore, when settlement of all or any part of the cost of a business bination is deferred, the fair value of that deferred ponent shall be determined by discounting the amounts payable to their present value at the date of exchange, taking into account any premium or discount likely to be incurred in settlement. 27 The published price at the date of exchange of a quoted equity instrument provides the best evidence of the instrument’s fair value and shall be used, except in rare circumstances. Other evidence and valuation methods shall be considered only in the rare circumstances when the acquirer can demonstrate that the published price at the date of exchange is an unreliable indicator of fair value, and that the other evidence and valuation methods provide a more reliable measure of the equity instrument’s fair value. The published price at the date of exchange is an unreliable indicator only when it has been affected by the thinness of the market. If the published price at the date of exchange is an unreliable indicator or if a published price does not exist for equity instruments issued by the acquirer, the fair value of those instruments could, for example, be estimated by reference to their proportional interest in the fair value of the acquirer or by reference to the proportional interest in the fair value of the acquiree obtained, whichever is the more clearly evident. The fair value at the date of exchange of monetary assets given to equity holders of the acquiree as an alternative to equity instruments may also provide evidence of the total fair value given by the acquirer in exchange for control of the acquiree. In any event, all aspects of the bination, including significant factors influencing the negotiations, shall be considered. Further guidance on determining the fair value of equity instruments is set out in IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. . IASCF 315 IFRS 3 28 The cost of a business bination includes liabilities incurred or assumed by the acquirer in exchange for control of the acquiree. Future losses or other costs expected to be incurred as a result of a bination are not liabilities incurred or assumed by the acquirer in exchange for control of the acquiree, and are not, therefore, included as part of the cost of the bination. 29 The cost of a business bination includes any costs directly attributable to the 。 however, the facts and circumstances surrounding a bination sometimes indicate that a smaller entity acquires a larger entity. Guidance on the accounting for reverse acquisitions is provided in paragraphs B1–B15 of Appendix B. 22 When a new entity is formed to issue equity instruments to effect a business bination, one of the bining entities that existed before the bination shall be identified as the acquirer on the basis of the evidence available. 23 Similarly, when a business bination involves more than two bining entities, one of the bining entities that existed before the bination shall be identified as the acquirer on the basis of the evidence available. Determining the acquirer in such cases shall include a consideration of, amongst other things, which of the bining entities initiated the bination and whether the assets or revenues of one of the bining entities significantly exceed those of the others. 314 . IASCF IFRS 3 Cost of a business bination 24 The acquirer shall measure the cost of a business bination as the aggregate of: (a) the fair values, at the date of exchange, of assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued by the acquirer, in exchange for control of the acquiree。 (b) if the business bination is effected through an exchange of voting ordinary equity instruments for cash or other assets, the entity giving up cash or other assets is likely to be the acquirer。 or (c) power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the other entity。 and (c) allocating, at the acquisition date, the cost of the business bination to the assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed. Identifying the acquirer 17 An acquirer shall be identified for all business binations. The acquirer is the bining entity that obtains control of the other bining entities or businesses. 18 Because the purchase method views a business bination from the acquirer’s perspective, it assumes that one of the parties to the transaction can be identified as the acquirer. 19 Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity or business so as to obtain benefits from its activities. A bining entity shall be presumed to have obtained control of another bining entity when it acquires more than onehalf of that other entity’s voting rights, unless it can be demonstrated that such ownership does not constitute control. Even if one of the bining entities does not acquire more than onehalf of the voting rights of another bining entity, it might have obtained control of that other entity if, as a result of the bination, it obtains: (a) power over more than onehalf of the voting rights of the other entity by virtue of an agreement with other investors。 and (b) contingent liabilities of the acquiree. This IFRS also clarifies the criteria for separately recognising intangible assets of the