【正文】 s agency problems. In contrast, there is little evidence that systems which simply automate information processing have the same effect.There are two reasonable explanations for the rising costs associated with adoption at the less automated hospitals: unobserved timevarying hospital effects that drive both higher costs and slower adoption, and learning effects. To rule out the first explanation, statelevel trends are included in the regressions. As well, additional regressions are performed which cast doubt on the importance of these unobserved effects. Instead, the more likely explanation is based on learning effect: the organizational costs of HIS adoption are higher at less automated hospitals (as a result of their inexperience) resulting in higher operating expenses. The importance of learning effects is also supported by the evidence showing lags in costs reductions until three or five years after adoption.The next section focuses on hospital costs, laying out the background and motivation for the empirical approach of this study. It outlines the potential savings from the use of information technologies, describes how IT may impact the use of both fixed and variable resources, and details the precise mechanisms by which this may occur. Section 3 builds on this discussion, developing a more formal model of hospital behavior and deriving the regression equations. The various applicationbased measures of IT are also detailed. The results of the estimation are described in Section 4 while the final section offers a discussion of the results and future directions for research.2 Hospital Costs and the Role of ITThis section focuses on hospital costs, laying out the background and motivation for the empirical strategy of this study. Potential savings from the use of information technologies are outlined and IT39。s effects, this study estimates a series of fixedeffects panel regressions, utilizing data from the American Hospital Association, the Medicare Cost Reports, and the IT dataset. Variable costs are regressed separately on three measures of IT, all based on the applicationlevel data, and each utilizing lagged values of the IT variables. The first measure captures the overall IT intensity of the firm in both the financial/administrative area as well as the clinical domain. The second and third measures capture any cost effects from individual applications and from groups of applications, respectively. Taken as a set, these three measures offer not only evidence on whether reduced costs are found at more automated hospitals, but also clues regarding the mechanisms by which cost changes occur.The current results find significant associations between hospital information systems and hospital costs. In particular, the aggregate results indicate that adoption of new systems at the most thoroughly automated hospitals is associated with lower operating costs three and five years after adoption. In contrast, the least IT intensive hospitals show higher costs after adopting new systems. Further, this pattern is evident within both the financial/administrative domain as well as the clinical domain.These results are mirrored in the applicationlevel regressions. Adoption of older systems within either domain is associated with rising costs after adoption while adoption of newer financial management and patient care systems is associated with lower costs. The unifying feature of many of these latter systems is their ability to provide newer and better information to decision makers, regardless of the domain in which they lie. As well, the clinical systems may aid managers in monitoring doctors39。s and early 199039。s. Using a proprietary eightyear panel dataset (19871994)that catalogues applicationlevel automation for the plete census of the 3,000 . hospitals with more than 100 beds, this study finds that both financial/administrative and clinical IT systems at the most thoroughly automated hospitals are associated with declining costs three and five years after adoption. At the application level, declining costs are associated with the adoption of some of the newest technologies, including systems designed for cost management, the administration of managed care contracts, and for both financial and clinical decision support. The association of cost declines with lagged IT as well as the cost patterns at the less automated hospitals both provide evidence of learning effects.1. IntroductionHospitals are highly information intensive organizations which spend substantial sums on information management and processing. It naturally follows that technologies that improve the gathering, storage, transmission, and processing of information would be useful tools in hospital management. In fact, as early as the 196039。祝他們工作順利，謝謝!附錄1 英文原文Measuring the Cost Impact of Hospital InformationThis study measures the impact of information technology (IT) use on hospital operating costs during the late 198039。此外，在東軟的幾個(gè)月里，社保事業(yè)部的各位老師、各位新同事以及我的大學(xué)同學(xué)都給了我莫大的幫助，對(duì)我的成長(zhǎng)起到至關(guān)重要的作用。在我做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，特別要感謝東軟社保事業(yè)部醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生開(kāi)發(fā)部的王學(xué)伶部長(zhǎng)，崔鵬導(dǎo)師，姜麗晶導(dǎo)師在百忙之中對(duì)我進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)，在工作和生活上都給予了我很大的幫助，使我得到了不少的提高。感謝我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師崔煥慶老師，我在東軟做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間，他經(jīng)常詢問(wèn)我的進(jìn)度，崔老師認(rèn)真、負(fù)責(zé)，在我寫(xiě)論文的過(guò)程中得到了崔老師的悉心指導(dǎo)。參考文獻(xiàn)[1]（美）里伯提（.） C[M].電子工業(yè)出版社,2007年10月[2]（美）Bill C: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your C[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006年1月[3]齊治昌、譚慶平、寧洪編著,軟件工程[M].高等教育出版社,2004年2月[4]薩師煊、王珊編著,數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)概論(第3版)[M],高等教育出版社,2000年2月[5]、[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006年1月[6]高級(jí)編程[M].著清華大學(xué)出版社,2006年10月[7]金旭亮著..[M].電子工業(yè)出版社,2007年6月[8]Karli Watson Christian Nagel 入門(mén)經(jīng)典[M].清華大學(xué)出版社,2006年5月 [9][美]里克特 著，李建忠 譯..NET框架程序設(shè)計(jì)（修訂版）[M].清華大學(xué)出版社,2003年11月致謝辭時(shí)光匆匆飛逝，四年多的努力與付出,隨著論文的完成,終于讓我在大學(xué)的生活劃上了一個(gè)完美且圓滿的句號(hào)，也為將來(lái)的人生之路做好了一個(gè)很好的鋪墊。這些都是我們下一步將要努力改正的地方。我們?cè)跍y(cè)試的過(guò)程中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多錯(cuò)誤和不足?？梢哉f(shuō)，藥庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)完全適應(yīng)國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)院管理信息化的需要，適宜在國(guó)內(nèi)各大、中、小醫(yī)院中推廣使用。在開(kāi)發(fā)的過(guò)程中，我們嚴(yán)格按照軟件工程的步驟進(jìn)行，每一步都有經(jīng)過(guò)了嚴(yán)密的論證。藥庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)是基于二層（Client/Server，C/S）的體系結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用軟件。使用藥庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng),能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)庫(kù)存管理、藥庫(kù)進(jìn)銷存、藥品入出庫(kù)、基本信息維護(hù)等功能，并能夠?qū)λ帋?kù)進(jìn)行維護(hù)查詢。7 結(jié) 論藥庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)就是為藥庫(kù)工作人