【正文】 一個系統(tǒng)性的臨床檢查途徑需照順序對牙齦顏色、外型、質地、位置、出血情況和疼痛程度進行檢查。In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.我們必須系統(tǒng)性的評估牙齦炎的臨床特點。如果可以獲得這種支持,就不該放棄。The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.造成阻礙是由于石頭的機械性阻塞或是導管周圍的感染導致炎癥性水腫，而造成的管腔狹窄。英翻中Based on doth morphological and microbiological sequential analyses, a better understanding has been gained of the event involved in plaque formation, especially on clean supragingival enamel surfaces. For convenience of description these events can be considered as three phases:(1)initial colonization, (2)rapid bacterial growth, and (3)remodeling. In actuality, though, these are progressive phases gradually changing and not sharply refined.基于型態(tài)學和微生物學的相繼分析下，對于菌斑的形成可獲得更好的了解，尤其是在清潔的齦上釉質表面。骨移植片由密質骨或松質骨組成。After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性癥狀緩解后，病灶牙必須要移除以免再度復發(fā)或是持續(xù)性的竇炎。由這些原因引起的牙髓的暴露和失活會造成神經(jīng)痛。An impacted third molar may press against the crown of the second molar and cause decay of the tooth, or itself bees the seat of caries around the point of contact. It may also cause pressure absorption of the root of the second molar. Exposure and devitalization of the pulp from these causes may give rise to neuralgia. Neuralgia may be caused in another way by pressure of the impacted tooth on the inferior dental nerve or its branches.阻生的第三磨牙會擠壓第二磨牙的牙冠引起后者的齲壞，或其本身在接觸周圍產生齲壞。使用這種方式麻醉，不確定針頭是否實際上時常穿過神經(jīng)鞘(sheath)。當注射神經(jīng)干(trunk)的鄰近區(qū)域(vicinity)時，麻藥通過神經(jīng)莢膜穿透進入中央神經(jīng)胞質(central nerve substance)，阻止(inhibit)其傳導功能，從而麻醉由此神經(jīng)支配的整個外周(peripheral)區(qū)域。1The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more mon than external displacement.短部分的下部通常會因為提口肌群的收縮導致向上向前移位。 the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.上合右中切牙和左側切牙屬于1分類松動3度。包含了天生畸形、創(chuàng)傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、去除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.幾乎全部腫瘤和囊腫會發(fā)生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周圍，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會發(fā)生在特定的器官。The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone.下頜骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更經(jīng)常發(fā)生骨折。這種感染可能由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine.患者于術后二三日之后的疼痛，可能為非正常情況，需特別仔細檢查，其有可能由于干槽癥或是尖銳骨刺引起。如果可能使用這種自然支持，則不應該放棄這種方法，除非醫(yī)生確定患者會對一副常規(guī)的完全由粘骨膜支持的全口義齒感到滿意。It should be appreciated, However, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.這種方法更應被選擇，但是，自然牙的牙周膜是理想的適合對抗咬合壓力給予支持的方式。這種方式，與之前的章節(jié)中所描述的全口修復體的區(qū)別在于，它們可以在從上頜或下頜牙弓中拔除所有的余留健康牙體之后，很快制作和戴入。這通過把卡環(huán)固位端放置于牙齒直徑最大處的頸方來實現(xiàn)，該處通常指“外形高點線”。The Retentive Arm：The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential ponent for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is acplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, monly referred to as “the height of contour”.固位臂：組成卡環(huán)的第三部分是十分重要的部分，這也是為什么要設計卡環(huán)固位體。The Base：The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure. 基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個組成單元，因為基托得到的主要的支持來自其下方牙槽脊。 a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a retentive clasp arm.經(jīng)典的局部可摘游離端義齒大致由以下部分組成：一個或多個基托；一個或多個大連接體；一些小連接體；兩個或多個直接固位體；一個或多個間接固位體；數(shù)目不同的樹脂牙或瓷牙，或者有鑄造合面的樹脂牙來替代缺失牙。two or more direct retainers。 one or more major connectors。外力對牙槽脊的影響會使基牙損壞。經(jīng)過這次的療程，就可以選牙排列前牙了。這關系要修正以及轉移到咬合架上?？墒褂玫牟牧戏譃樗念悾航饘佟⒕酆衔?、陶瓷和碳。 ceramics 。Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals。最常使用自體移植牙為第三磨牙來替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth. 移植為使用鄰近的無用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。L13 — L14Prosthesis 義齒修復術 impression 印膜Undercut 倒凹 gingiva 牙齦Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 alginate 藻酸鹽Retentive 固位的 articulator 咬 牙合 架Hypertrophy 肥大 bite rim 牙合 堤Depressor 降肌 hydrocolloid 水膠體 Nasalis 鼻肌 mastication 咀嚼Buccinatoris 頰肌 L15Genioglossus 頦舌肌 abutment 基牙Mentalis 頦肌 bridge 橋Frenum 系帶 contraindicate 禁忌Frenectomy 系帶切除術 monocarious 單齲的Reposition 復位術 polycarious 多齲的Ankylotomy 舌系帶切除術 plete veneer 全覆蓋Ankyloglossia 舌系帶短縮 calcify 鈣化Alveolectomy 牙槽緣切除術 margin 邊緣Exostosis 外生骨疣 casting 鑄件Malignancy 惡性腫瘤 grind(ground) 磨Autotransplant 自體移植物 malpose 錯位Polymer 聚合物 malrelate 錯 牙合Silicon 硅 invest 包埋Raphe 縫 mesiodistally 近中遠側地Contour 外形 buccolingually 頰舌地Creat 脊 rotation 旋轉Alar 翼 etio