【正文】 現(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余?，F(xiàn)在，這種單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。因?yàn)樗w積小，通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的“肚子”里。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)（亦稱微控制器）。它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。 可以說，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)“電”的時(shí)代，即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。 單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一個(gè)不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國(guó)50年代開發(fā)的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列這些純硬件來搞定的話，電路一定是一塊大PCB板！但是如果要是用美國(guó)70年代成功投放市場(chǎng)的系列單片機(jī)，結(jié)果就會(huì)有天壤之別！只因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)的通過你編寫的程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！ 由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢？很多高級(jí)的語言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？原因很簡(jiǎn)單，就是單片機(jī)沒有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU，也沒有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。 單片機(jī)是靠程序運(yùn)行的，并且可以修改。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動(dòng)滾筒洗衣機(jī)、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影！它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。 單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。現(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。 單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單可靠而性能不錯(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。s hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the pilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant puter operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the puter age. However, this puter, usually refers to the personal puter, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other ponents. Another type of puter, most people do not know how. This puter is to give all kinds of machinery, intelligent single chip (also known as microcontroller). As the name suggests, this puter system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, realtime industrial control, munications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too plicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.Computer systems development has obviously grow in three directions。s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 7039。s largest puter. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld puters and puter accessories such as a mouse with a 12 in both the Department of SCM. Personal puter will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a plex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other puting the sum, or even more than the number of human beings.Single chip, also known as singlechip microcontroller, it is not plete a certain logic chips, but to a puter system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a microputer, and puter than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip bees a puter. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the puter the best choice.Microcontroller and the puter functions internally also used a similar module, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect there, and hard disk memory device, is it different properties of these ponents were relatively weak many of our home puter, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very plicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! It is mainly part of the core ponents as the control.It is an online realtime control puter, controlline is that the scene is needed is a stronger antijamming ability, low cost, and this is, and offline puter (such as home PC), the main difference.MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very plex functions if the 5039。s Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.The 8bit microcontroller early or 4 bits, One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32bit microcontroller quickly replace highend 16bit MCU status and enter the mainstream marke