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科技英語(yǔ)閱讀方法 “拼綴詞” 216。(省譯形式賓語(yǔ)it) 2. Word and Phrase TranslationA. 1) 脊髓損傷2) 專(zhuān)用許可證3) 自然愈合4) 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)5) 供養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞6) 異質(zhì)的7) (人工)培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞8) 裸鼠9) 刺激感B. 1) embryonic stem cells2) cell therapy3) cell population4) clinical trial5) differentiation6) a benign tumor7) sugar molecule8) immune system9) mutationMain Content: UNIT 4 TELECOMMUNICATIONS216。7) 在一個(gè)大型鐵路站點(diǎn),站長(zhǎng)的工作主要是行政管理性的,這是由于車(chē)站運(yùn)營(yíng)范圍廣,工作人員多的緣故。5) 在鐵路經(jīng)過(guò)通航河道的地方,如果不可能把線路升高到使船只在下面暢通無(wú)阻地通過(guò)的話,就必須把橋梁修成開(kāi)啟式的,以便江河或運(yùn)河里的船只通過(guò)。3) 1999年8月,《印度核原則草案》呼吁部署“由飛機(jī)機(jī)載導(dǎo)彈、地面移動(dòng)導(dǎo)彈和海上發(fā)射導(dǎo)彈”組成的三位一體的核力量。)2) 增詞以符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣3) 根據(jù)常識(shí)增詞3. 省譯1) 虛義動(dòng)詞的省譯(. 見(jiàn)P82,下同)2) 英語(yǔ)句中的并列詞通??梢允∽g3) 助詞“的”在科技英語(yǔ)漢譯時(shí)通常省略4) 科技英語(yǔ)文章中,大多數(shù)形式主語(yǔ)可以省譯VI. Translation Practice詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯、增譯和省譯1. Exercises for Practicing the Skills1) 火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。V. Skills for Translation 詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯、增譯和省譯 1. 轉(zhuǎn)譯1) 詞匯的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯(如:將原文的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞,名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞,或介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞等。)2. 字母縮微詞(由各詞開(kāi)頭字母組成,保留原字母讀音) (. 見(jiàn)P79,CDMA—codedivision multiple access 碼分多址。在閱讀科技文章時(shí),讀者有必要弄清所碰到的縮微詞的類(lèi)型,根據(jù)其類(lèi)型來(lái)推測(cè)其完整的單詞構(gòu)成,然后結(jié)合上下文或者查閱詞典來(lái)理解該縮微詞。它由四個(gè)部分組成:第一是免疫組織,比如皮膚、黏膜、血腦屏障等;第二是免疫器官,包括髓、胸腺、脾臟、淋巴結(jié);第三是免疫細(xì)胞,包括T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞、吞噬細(xì)胞等;最后就是由抗體組成的免疫分子。發(fā)現(xiàn)有畸胎瘤的存在,手術(shù)切除是唯一的方法。但也有一些細(xì)胞不再分化成熟,到一定程度即有惡變的傾向?;チ雠c怪胎不一樣,后者是發(fā)育成一個(gè)胎兒,但某些部位缺少,如無(wú)腦兒、無(wú)上肢、少一條腿等,畸胎瘤在全身各處均可發(fā)生。在腫瘤中殘存有皮膚、粘液、腺體、牙齒、神經(jīng)組織、脂肪、軟骨與骨,以及肌肉、頭發(fā)等。teratoma ()卵子受精后,即可生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,一個(gè)細(xì)胞變成兩個(gè),兩個(gè)變成四個(gè),細(xì)胞越來(lái)越多,到一定時(shí)期后,細(xì)胞分化成皮膚、頭發(fā)、骨頭等組織。星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是哺乳動(dòng)物腦內(nèi)分布最廣泛的一類(lèi)細(xì)胞,也是膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中體積最大的一種。astrocyte ()星形細(xì)胞是膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中體積最大的一種,與少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞合稱(chēng)為大膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(macroglia)。成纖維細(xì)胞尚可合成和分泌膠原纖維、彈性纖維、網(wǎng)狀纖維及有機(jī)基質(zhì)。fibroblast ()纖維原細(xì)胞,又稱(chēng)成纖維細(xì)胞,是結(jié)締組織中最常見(jiàn)的細(xì)胞。當(dāng)腦脊髓神經(jīng)軸索的髓鞘發(fā)生脫失,便會(huì)出現(xiàn)脫髓鞘疾病。髓鞘是包裹在神經(jīng)軸索外面、由髓鞘細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜組成的鞘膜。由于有這些脂肪外鞘,神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)(也就是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)出的信號(hào))才可以從一個(gè)個(gè)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的停頓點(diǎn)(我們叫它節(jié)點(diǎn)),跳到另一個(gè)停頓點(diǎn)。少突細(xì)胞是大腦中的一種神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,在大腦發(fā)育過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生髓磷脂,并隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)對(duì)髓磷脂起維持、修復(fù)作用。oligodendrocyte ()少突細(xì)胞是一種神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,它負(fù)責(zé)制造一種稱(chēng)為髓磷脂的物質(zhì),形成包囊神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的髓鞘。Geron ()杰龍公司。胚胎干細(xì)胞是由受精卵經(jīng)過(guò)五至六次分裂后發(fā)育而來(lái),本身是一種未分化細(xì)胞。它具有發(fā)育的全能性,能分化出成體動(dòng)物的所有組織和器官,包括生殖細(xì)胞。人類(lèi)寄希望于利用干細(xì)胞的分離和體外培養(yǎng),在體外繁育出組織或器官,并最終通過(guò)組織或器官移植,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)臨床疾病的治療。 the negative aspect. (1) We face an option with a downside as well as benefits. (2) Unemployment, inflation and inequality are often the downside of a market economy.… may have been overstated. ()overstate: v. to exaggerate [antonym] understate. He may have overstated his ability in the interview.… a prerequisite for safety … ()prerequisite: n. prior condition. This course is a prerequisite to more advanced studies.III. Background Information stem cell ()干細(xì)胞是一種未充分分化的尚不成熟的細(xì)胞,具有再生各種組織器官和人體的潛在功能,醫(yī)學(xué)界稱(chēng)之為“萬(wàn)用細(xì)胞”。ve ES cells. ()Paraphrase: No one is thinking about using any unspecialized cells.Cultured cells are often kept alive … ()culture: v. to grow in a specially prepared nutrient medium. Scientists have succeeded in culturing these microorganisms in the lab.culture: n. 1) a special substance that is used to grow germs (營(yíng)養(yǎng)基) 2) the act of developing the intellectual and moral faculties especially by education 3) the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization. (1) Animal cell culture became a routine laboratory technique in the 1950s. (2) He is a man of little culture. (3) The reason that the agency is doomed to inaction has something to do with the FBI culture.… introduce exotic animal viruses. ()exotic: a. from outside。 to handle. I don’t think I can tackle the problem until next week.Even the skeptics say Geron chose a plausible target for the first trial, as spinal cord injuries may be significantly easier to tackle than diseases such as diabetes or Parkinson. ()Paraphrase: Even critics say that Geron chose a sensible target in the first trial, for spinal cord injuries may be far easier to cure than diseases like diabetes or Parkinson.Proving safety is a tall enough order. ()Paraphrase: Proving safety is very difficult.… an approach that may circumvent some of these problems. ()circumvent: v. (fml) to avoid cleverly。 科技英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧 “詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯、增譯和省譯” Step:I. Text Organization PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas. 16Although hES cells hold promise for the clinic, they still carry some risks in practice that discourage most groups from clinical trials except one panyGeron.Part TwoParas. 712Keirstead and his colleagues have chosen spinal cord injuries as the first trial and carried out several experiments with the main purpose to indicate that the treatment can be safe.Part ThreeParas. 1322Some potential problems may turn up with the clinical trials, such as improper differentiation, tumor formation, animal contamination and new mutations in culture.Part FourParas. 2326There is still a long way to go before cell therapies e onto the stage.II. Language Points But several hurdles remain. (Introductory Remarks)hurdle: n. obstacle or difficulty. (1) Persuading investors is the biggest hurdle we face. (2) The final hurdles have been removed.… pleaded with his colleagues to vote with him. ()plead with: to ask for。 Text A “Ready or Not? Human ES Cells Head Toward the Clinic” 216。)4. 直譯(即在科技文獻(xiàn)中有些詞可以直接使用原文,如商標(biāo)、牌號(hào)、型號(hào)和表示特定意義的字母。通常表示計(jì)量單位的詞和新近發(fā)明的科技材料或產(chǎn)品采用這種譯法。常見(jiàn)的術(shù)語(yǔ)譯法分為以下幾類(lèi):1. 意譯(即通過(guò)對(duì)原詞的仔細(xì)推敲和理解,準(zhǔn)確地譯出其表達(dá)的科學(xué)概念。)2) 形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞3) 名詞/形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞ed4) 名詞/代詞/形容詞/副詞+分詞5) 多詞復(fù)合形容詞 (如outofdate過(guò)時(shí)的)3. 復(fù)合動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成:1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞/連詞+動(dòng)詞 (如pointandclick點(diǎn)擊)2) 動(dòng)詞+介詞 (即將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組中的動(dòng)詞與介詞用連詞符號(hào)連接為一個(gè)詞,如signon登錄。)2) 形容詞+名詞3) 分詞+名詞4) 名詞+動(dòng)名詞5) 形容詞+動(dòng)名詞6) 多詞復(fù)合名詞 (由兩個(gè)以上的修飾詞加上中心名詞構(gòu)成,如industrial distribution equipment 工業(yè)配電裝置。合成之后的復(fù)合詞往往無(wú)法在詞典中直接查到詞義,因此需要先借助詞典確定單個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的含義,然后結(jié)合復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)來(lái)理解其含義。復(fù)合詞從過(guò)去的雙詞組合發(fā)展到多詞組合。糖尿病主要有兩種類(lèi)型:胰島素依賴(lài)型糖尿?。碔型糖尿?。喟l(fā)病在30歲以下人群;非胰島素依賴(lài)型糖尿病(即II型糖尿?。喟l(fā)于成年人或老年人。Food and Drug Administration ()美國(guó)國(guó)家食品藥品管理局(FDA),隸屬于美國(guó)衛(wèi)生教育福利部,負(fù)責(zé)全國(guó)藥品、食品、生物制品、化妝品、獸藥、醫(yī)療器械以及診斷用品等的管理。TRF主要由肝細(xì)胞合成,半衰期為7天。它是血漿中主要的含鐵蛋白質(zhì),負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)載由消化管吸收的鐵盒由紅細(xì)胞降解釋放的鐵。如果DNA受損等情況發(fā)生,p53蛋白就會(huì)增加,這時(shí)起到3個(gè)作用:抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、DNA修復(fù)及細(xì)胞消亡。它位于人類(lèi)第17染色體,是由393個(gè)氨基酸組成的磷脂蛋白。它可以將藥物粉末或溶液包埋在直徑為納米級(jí)的微粒中,這種微粒具有類(lèi)細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)入人體內(nèi)主要被網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)吞噬而激活機(jī)體的自身免疫功能,并改變被包封藥物的體內(nèi)分布,使藥物主要在肝、脾、肺和骨髓等組織器官中積蓄,從而提高藥物的治療指數(shù),減少藥物的治療劑量和降低藥物的毒性。它是一種定向藥物載體,屬于