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煤炭出口貿(mào)易國際競爭力分析(參考版)

2025-06-21 15:21本頁面
  

【正文】 s perfectly petitive industry, where entry is free, existing firms have no bargaining power against suppliers and customers, and rivalry is unbridled because the numerous firms and products are all alike.Different forces take on prominence, of course, in shaping petition in each industry. In the oceangoing tanker industry the key force is probably the buyers (the major oil panies), whereas in tires it is powerful original equipment (OEM) buyers coupled with tough petitors. In the steel industry the key forces are foreign petitors and substitute materials.The underlying structure of an industry, reflected in the strength of the forces, should be distinguished from the many shortrun factors that can affect petition and profitability in a transient way. For example, fluctuations in economic conditions over the business cycle influence the shortrun profitability of nearly all firms in 。 the forces range from intense in industries like tires, paper, and steel—where no firm earns spectacular returns—to relatively mild in industries like oilfield equipment and services, cosmetics, and toiletries—where high returns are quite mon. This chapter will be concerned with identifying the key structural features of industries that determine the strength of the petitive forces and hence industry profitability. The goal of petitive strategy for a business unit in an industry is to find a position in the industry where the pany can best defend itself against these petitive forces or can influence them in its favor. Since the collective strength of the forces may well be painfully apparent to all petitors, the key for developing strategy is to delve below the surface and analyze the sources of each. Knowledge of these underlying sources of petitive pressure highlights the critical strengths and weaknesses of the pany, animates its positioning in its industry, clarifies the areas where strategic changes may yield the greatest payoff, and highlights the areas where industry trends promise to hold the greatest significance as either opportunities or threats. Understanding these sources will also prove to be useful in considering areas for diversification, though the primary focus here is on strategy in individual industries. Structural analysis is the fundamental underpinning for formulating petitive strategy and a key building block for most of the concepts in this book.Let us adopt the working definition of an industry as the group of firms producing products that are close substitutes for each other. In practice there is often a great deal of controversy over the appropriate definition, centering around how close substitutability needs to be in terms of product, process, or geographic market boundaries. Because we will be in a better position to treat these issues once the basic concept of structural analysis has been introduced, we will assume initially that industry boundaries have already been drawn.Competition in an industry continually works to drive down the rate of return on invested capital toward the petitive floor rate of return, or the return that would be earned by the economist39。s environment is the industry or industries in which it petes. Industry structure has a strong influence in determining the petitive rules of the game as well as the strategies potentially available to the firm. Forces outside the industry are significant primarily in a relative sense。我們共同成長,見證了山東科技大學的蓬勃發(fā)展,母校60周年校慶,山東特色名校工程建設(shè),四年同窗之誼是一段難忘的回憶。非常感謝所有教育過我和幫助過我的老師們,你們的諄諄教導是我一生中最寶貴的財富。此外,趙老師還指導過我科研立項、全國電子商務大賽、挑戰(zhàn)杯等課外學術(shù)活動,從他身上我學到了對待工作、對待生活的正確態(tài)度,為我以后成發(fā)展打下了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。趙老師淵博的專業(yè)知識,嚴謹?shù)闹螌W態(tài)度,精益求精的工作作風,誨人不倦的高尚師德都讓我受益匪淺。C參考文獻[1][M].北京:華夏出版社,2002:221225.[2]International Institute for Management(IMD).The World Competitiveness Yearbook[J],1996:341346.[3]L同時不僅以產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際競爭力的表現(xiàn)為依據(jù),而且考慮到了產(chǎn)業(yè)的外部競爭環(huán)境,從內(nèi)外部雙向考慮其限制因素,使其更加全面有效。本文的局限性在于不能把山西省所有的出口煤炭產(chǎn)品進行一一研究,而只能從山西省煤炭出口整體情況入手,總體上來研究山西省煤炭出口的國際競爭力。本文在結(jié)合波特“鉆石模型”分析山西省煤炭出口貿(mào)易影響因素的基礎(chǔ)上,針對性的提出加大科技投入提高煤炭出口產(chǎn)品附加值、開拓國際市場培育產(chǎn)業(yè)整體競爭力、改善港口及煤炭運輸條件突破山西煤炭出口運輸瓶頸、組建大型煤炭企業(yè)集團積極參與國際市場競爭、改善政府宏觀調(diào)控體系加強宏觀政策引導等對策,來提高山西省煤炭出口貿(mào)易的國際競爭力。需求條件方面:國內(nèi)需求是影響我國煤炭進出口的根本原因,國際煤炭市場格局變化影響我國煤炭出口格局,受金融危機影響,國際市場疲軟,造成山西煤炭出口下滑;相關(guān)與輔助產(chǎn)業(yè)狀況方面:山西煤炭出口受到運輸條件的制約;企業(yè)策略、結(jié)構(gòu)與競爭對手方面:山西省在國內(nèi)率先實行煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)改革的探索,推進產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,以適應激烈的國際競爭要求;政府行為與機遇方面:我國煤炭進出口貿(mào)易政策逐步調(diào)整,鼓勵煤炭進口,限制煤炭出口,同時,積極推進煤炭行業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,對山西省煤炭出口貿(mào)易來說既是機遇也是挑戰(zhàn)。6結(jié)論與展望由于山西省擁有豐富的煤炭資源和勞動力資源,所以山西煤炭出口在國際市場上競爭時具有一定的價格優(yōu)勢;但是,山西煤炭出口品種較為單一,附加值較低,間接影響了山西煤炭的國際競爭力。但要具體情況具體分析,不能一刀切,對一些長期大的供給、重要的國際市場應有所保留,避免一旦國內(nèi)煤炭市場出現(xiàn)供過于求的局面再重新開發(fā)的風險。 [22]尤其嚴格控制“高污染、高能耗、資源密集型”產(chǎn)品的出口貿(mào)易規(guī)模與數(shù)量,針對高耗能、高排放的出口產(chǎn)品實施嚴格的控制政策,逐步減少各類出口產(chǎn)品的貿(mào)易隱含碳量,從而實現(xiàn)出口貿(mào)易低碳發(fā)展,走追求低碳化、高質(zhì)量效益的集約化出口貿(mào)易發(fā)展模式。應將貿(mào)易政策與產(chǎn)業(yè)政策相結(jié)合推動低碳貿(mào)易發(fā)展,引導煤炭出口企業(yè)走低碳貿(mào)易發(fā)展道路,提高山西煤炭在國際市場上的核心競爭力。 [21] 國家政策的宏觀層面是發(fā)展煤炭出口貿(mào)易的根本保障。當前應注意完善國家、省政府和以省政府為主的兩級管理體制,堅決推行政企分開,讓煤炭企業(yè)市場化運作。隨著煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)集群效應日益顯現(xiàn),產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)得以調(diào)整,山西省煤炭出口整體競爭力得以提升,能夠更好地參與激烈的國際市場競爭。同時,也要注意到并不是說能忽視產(chǎn)品差異化,任何產(chǎn)品包括像煤炭這樣的同質(zhì)性較高的產(chǎn)品,發(fā)展到一定的階段都面臨著非價格競爭,而品牌是十分關(guān)鍵的因素之一,煤炭企業(yè)需要盡早實施品牌化戰(zhàn)略,增強發(fā)展后勁。煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)與其他非資源采掘產(chǎn)業(yè)在戰(zhàn)略選擇上的顯著不同之處在于產(chǎn)品成本領(lǐng)先優(yōu)于產(chǎn)品差異化。與公路運輸配套的天津港,將成為晉煤出口的一個新的大通道。鐵路運輸方面,大秦線的改造、侯月線及京九線的營運,全國鐵路的普遍提速,使晉煤外運的條件得到了極大的改善,為大規(guī)模出口煤炭創(chuàng)造了良好的運輸環(huán)境。這些條件已初步得到了改善。另一方面,運輸環(huán)節(jié)過多過亂也是增加運輸成本的重要原因,國家應出臺相關(guān)強硬的政策措施,梳理煤炭運輸環(huán)節(jié),減少不必要環(huán)節(jié),降低運輸成本,突破山西煤炭出口的瓶頸。隨著中國高速公路的建設(shè),原本以鐵路運輸為主的煤炭運輸格局發(fā)生了改變,汽運也有了相當?shù)谋壤?。東南沿海地區(qū)之所以要進口煤炭,其中最重要的原因就是由于北煤南運,西煤東運的距離遠、運輸環(huán)節(jié)過多,而導致的煤價過高。應該看到,以國際跨國公司為主要動力的全球范圍的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,使得向煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)這些勞動密集和低附加值的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)有轉(zhuǎn)移給發(fā)展中國家或不發(fā)達地區(qū)的趨勢。 [19]通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、外延式產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈延伸,使煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)涉入新的產(chǎn)業(yè)和領(lǐng)域,進而“做大”、“做強”企業(yè),提高了抵御市場風險的能力。煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)集群有助于優(yōu)化資源配置,實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)能優(yōu)勢互補,并且延伸了煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是以煤炭采選業(yè)為基礎(chǔ),包括與之相關(guān)的作為專業(yè)供應商的礦山機械、礦山服務、煤焦化等一系列前后相關(guān)聯(lián)的產(chǎn)業(yè)。將原屬于企業(yè)外部的生產(chǎn)過程合理地引入或者通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新增加生產(chǎn)過程,提高產(chǎn)品的加工程度,增加原有產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量,相應地增加產(chǎn)品的附加值,提高產(chǎn)品在國際市場的競爭力,有助于提高和改善煤炭出口企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟效益。煤炭出口企業(yè)單一的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)造成了煤炭企業(yè)抵御市場風險能力低,經(jīng)濟效益不佳的現(xiàn)狀。尤其在低碳經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中,調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和優(yōu)化出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)都意味著出口企業(yè)要從高碳排放型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榈吞技s型的出口發(fā)展模式,因此在出口貿(mào)易規(guī)模縮小的情況下,提高單個出口產(chǎn)品的附加值就顯得尤為重要。長期以來,煤炭出口企業(yè)的出口產(chǎn)品附加值相對較低,僅憑借低廉的勞動力成本優(yōu)勢參與國際貿(mào)易競爭,高碳排放和低價競銷的出口貿(mào)易模式常常遭致反傾銷、反補貼、保障措施、特別保障措施等國際貿(mào)易保護主義壁壘,本已有限的利潤空間被大大壓縮。另一方面,中國煤礦的安全問題也是困擾煤炭企業(yè)健康發(fā)展的障礙,安全事故直接影響煤礦的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營。但從整體來說,煤礦的機械化程度還不夠,科技貢獻率很低。5提升山西省煤炭出口國際競爭力的對策改革開
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