【正文】 re studying the history of the campus this semester. This used to be an agricultural area and we already know that where the main lecture hall now stands, there once were farm house and barn that were erected in the late 1700s. We are excavating near the lecture hall to see what types of artifacts we find, you know, things people used in the past that got buried when the campus was constructed. We‘ve already began to find some very interesting items like old bottles, buttons, pieces of clay pottery. Student Buttons and clay pottery? Did the old owners leave in such a hurry that they left their clothes and dishes behind? Professor Hmmm… that‘s just one of the questions we hope to answer with this project. Student Wow, and it‘s all right here on campus. Professor That‘s right, no traveling involved. I wouldn39。‘s films did. But you are true: film history is about what we know about them. And Painlev233。‘s films are so special, so good, why haven‘t we ever heard of them? I mean, everyone‘s heard of Jacques Cousteau. Professor Well, that‘s a fair question. Uh, the short answer is that Painlev233。 generally filmed smaller animals, and he liked to film in shallow water. Uh, what else, oh well, the main difference was that Cousteau simply investigated and presented the facts – he didn‘t mix in fiction. He was a strict documentarist. He set the standard really for the nature documentary. Painlev233。 was about 20 years ahead of Cousteau. And Cousteau‘s adventures were hightech, with lots of fancy equipment, whereas Painlev233。 was a pioneer in underwater filmmaking, and a lot of his short films focused on the aquatic animal world. He liked to show small underwater creatures, displaying what seemed like familiar human characteristics – what we think of as unique to humans. He might take a clip of a mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music. You know, to make it look like the mollusk were dancing to the music like a human being – that sort of thing. But then he suddenly changed the image or narration to remind us how different the animals are, how unlike humans. He confused his audience in the way he portrayed the animals he filmed, mixing up on notions of the categories of humans and animals. The films make us a little unfortable at times because we are uncertain about what we are seeing. It gives him films an uncanny feature: the familiar made unfamiliar, the normal made suspicious. He liked twists, he liked the unusual. In fact, one of his favorite sea animals was the seahorse because with seahorses, it‘s the male that carries the eggs, and he thought that was great. His first and most celebrated underwater film is about the seahorse. Susan, you have a question? Student 1 But underwater filmmaking wasn‘t that unusual, was it? I mean, weren‘t there other people making movies underwater? Professor Well, actually, it was pretty rare at that time. I mean, we are talking about the early 1920s Student 1 But what about Jacques Cousteau? Was he like an innovator, you know, with underwater photography too? Professor Ah, Jacques Cousteau. Well, Painlev233?！畇 films were unique, a hybrid of styles. He had a special way of fusing, or some people might say confusing, science and fiction. His films begin with facts, but then they bee more and more fictional. They gradually add more and more fictional elements. In fact, Painlev233。 was born in 1902. He made his first film in 1928. Now in a way, Painlev233。s their decision, actually. Student Oh, ok, I will do that. Thanks for the info. Receptionist No problem. Sorry about the class. Oh, why aren‘t you to go change a mail address now. It lonely takes a minute. Student Oh, oh, sure, I will do that right way. Lecture Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. Professor Now, we‘ve been talking about the loss of animal habitat from housing developments, uh …, growing cities – small habitat losses. But today I wanna begin talking about what happens when habitat is reduced across a large area. There are, of course, animal species that require large areas of habitat, and some migrate over very long distances. So what‘s the impact of habitat loss on those animals – animals that need large areas of habitat? Well, I‘ll use the humming birds as an example. Now you know a humming bird is amazingly small, but even though it‘s really tiny, it migrates over very long distances, travels up and down the western hemisphere – the Americas, back and forth between where it breeds in the summer and the warmer climates where it‘s spent the winter. So you would say that this whole area over which it migrates is its habitat because on this long distance journey, it needs to e down to feed and