【正文】 s Progress, a religious allegory(寓言 ), its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救 ) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor – life as a journey The Pilgrim’s Progress: an allegory A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. Bunyan’s hero, Christian, makes a journey to the Celestial city, during which he meets such characters as Hope, Shame, and Despair. The symbolic meaning of the journey is the search for spiritual salvation. The Pilgrim’ s Progress: its theme The allegory depicts the Puritan struggle for freedom of worship, the eternal struggle of man to find unity with God. is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. 2. The satires in the book are centered upon the ruling class. Bunyan revealed a realistic picture of the moral depravity of the ruling class. Point of View 1. Religiously, Bunyan was a devout Christian. He insisted that Biblical doctrines be the best way of life and everyone be entitled to understand Bible in his own way. He believed that man’ s final salvation could be achieved only by one’ s own spiritual struggle. 2. Politically, Bunyan had a deep hatred for the corrupted and hypocritical rich who accumulated their wealth by hook and by crook (illegal way). He eulogized the truthseeking Chrisitan, who was a symbol of the virtuous mon people. Literature Features Bunyan makes his style after that of English Bible. Thus his language is concrete, living and colloquial. He adopts the allegorical form in telling history, but his presentation is true to life. The Eighteenth Century （ 16881798） The Neoclassical Period 新古典主義時(shí)期 : 16601798 with the publication of Lyrical ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge Historical background: ? After the Glorious Revolution, the power passed from the king gradually to the parliament and cabi ministers. ? British Monarchs in the 18th century Stuart Dynasty Mary II and William III(16881694, 1702) Anne (17021714) Hanoverian Dynasty Gee I (17141727) Gee II (17271760) Gee III (17601820) Enclosure Acts of Enclosure were putting more lands into the hands of fewer privileged landowners and forcing thousands of small farmers and tenants off their land to bee wage earners industrial towns. 2. The Industrial Revolution It was a gradual process of change from ” cottage industries” to factory manufacturing 3. Overseas expansion Britain occupied a vast expansion of colonies in Asia, Africa and North America. Cultural Background ? 1. Enlighten Movement 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng) A progressive intellectual movement Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau believed that world was an object of study and that people could understand and control the world by means of reason and empirical research. The celebration of reason, the power by which man understands the universe and improves his own condition They claimed that the individual was the basic unit of social anal。 Satan’s temptation of Eve。 the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve Eve。 the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellowangels。 to suffer or to take action The character of hamlet: is a humanist who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions(迷信 ) from his humanist love of man,he turns to those around him with same democratic tendercy is based on his hunmanist thought. (憂郁，悲哀 )is not negative and it is his perating(彌漫的，滲透的；尖銳的；敏銳的，聰明的 )habit of is a hero of learning,wisdom,noble nature,limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanist at the turn of the 16th 17th C. Hamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated（復(fù)雜的） to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger content: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of worldweariness（厭世） occasioned by his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father’s brother. Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father’s throne and his mother was not to be a widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek always loved his mother ,but he was taken to England for several he came back his own country which had must belonged to him,he was shocked by the death of his honest lover the sudden astonishment/the grave blow,the flames of fury of this revenger had raised up rapidly. Consequently,he contrived a dramatic play on the ,Hamlet slain his uncle in his owm hands .However his mather was killed by the poisonous drink that his uncle wanted to slaughter him to the infermo. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY(16031688) Historical background: 1. English Bourgeois Revolution 英國資產(chǎn)階級革命 2. The Civil War(16421649)內(nèi)戰(zhàn) 3. 1688 The Glorious Revolution 光榮革命 4. The Bill of Rights《權(quán)利法案》 —England has bee a country of constitutional monarchy(君主立憲制 ) The Consequences: 1. the supremacy of parliament 2. the beginning of modern England 3. the triumph of political liberty for which Puritans(清教 ) had fought for 100 years Francis Bacon 培根 – philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern science His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature. Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, pactness amp。 poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)