【正文】 an.Lou held a joint interview with 27 media, including China Daily, the first in a series of interviews entitled Chinese Media Along the Silk Road. The interviews will be in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, as well as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey.The media group held the first interview on Wednesday morning in Xi39。s public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed the 72hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 percent from 2012. Around million came from abroad, an increase of 12 percent. Total revenue from tourism surpassed 133 billion yuan ($). During his visit to Kazakhstan in September, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Central Asia join hands to build a Silk Road economic belt to boost cooperation. The idea has been widely echoed in Central Asian countries, being an encouraging blueprint for Chinese areas along the Silk Road that has linked Asia and Europe for more than 2,000 years. In the next three weeks, China Daily reporters will travel through the belt in China and in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. They will show the progress and expectations of the countries, businesses and peoples on the route. Shaanxi the start of the ancient Silk Road has positioned itself as the new starting point for the development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, which will strengthen China39。s ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning watercontrol project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest China, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods, she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. My life was like a running race moving from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before, she said. But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown, she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72hour visafree policy and pelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the pany has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the threeday visa has an immediate and positive influence on the pany39。s level of internationalization. The policy will also bring direct economic revenue, Li said. Chengdu has many cultural legacies and is also a paradise for panda lovers with the world39。Visafree policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdu39。⑤重視環(huán)境影響。④鼓勵(lì)兒童在交往實(shí)踐中提高交往技巧。③ 關(guān)注個(gè)別差異。②關(guān)注年齡特點(diǎn)。促進(jìn)兒童交往技巧發(fā)展的目標(biāo)應(yīng)是:幫助兒童發(fā)展良好的人際關(guān)系，使兒童具備合作能力。教師可以讓兒童組成小組，通過活動(dòng)和游戲讓他們發(fā)展交往技巧。成人給兒童做好榜樣，讓他們在觀察模仿中學(xué)會(huì)交往。告訴兒童基本的交往技巧。包括要有規(guī)矩、讓兒童學(xué)會(huì)自己負(fù)責(zé)、有適當(dāng)?shù)膽土P；以理服人，巧用激勵(lì)；幫助兒童學(xué)會(huì)延遲滿足。⑵對兒童言語自控問題，成人應(yīng)為兒童提供健康的語言環(huán)境；不粗暴指責(zé)，而要幫助兒童認(rèn)識錯(cuò)誤言語；妥善應(yīng)對兒童插話行為。重點(diǎn)掌握自我控制問題的兒童的特點(diǎn)：存在自控問題的兒童主要表現(xiàn)在：抑制沖動(dòng)，尤其是情緒控制能力較弱；很難抵制誘惑、延遲滿足；自我滿足；堅(jiān)持性差；自覺性差；監(jiān)督與調(diào)節(jié)能力弱。⑶教育兒童不要根據(jù)刻板印象來看待同伴，要學(xué)會(huì)在交往過程中對同伴作具體分析，應(yīng)辯證地、發(fā)展地看待同伴。也可引導(dǎo)兒童學(xué)會(huì)利用首因效應(yīng)，力爭給人留下好的印象，為形成和保持良好的人際關(guān)系奠定基礎(chǔ)。④讓孩子多接觸社會(huì)。②給兒童適當(dāng)?shù)呐u。⑦用關(guān)懷讓兒童體會(huì)到溫暖。⑤鼓勵(lì)兒童參加體育鍛煉。③引導(dǎo)兒童積極與他人交往。自我認(rèn)識偏差兒童的輔導(dǎo)策略：⑴兒童自卑：①加強(qiáng)兒童的成功體驗(yàn)?；虿蛔鹁撮L輩，不愛與人說話，愛挖苦諷刺人。嚴(yán)重的會(huì)脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)，適應(yīng)困難，阻礙人格的健康發(fā)展。自卑是由自我評價(jià)偏低所帶來的，以慚愧、羞怯、不安、內(nèi)疚、灰心、悲觀、失望等表現(xiàn)為主的情緒體驗(yàn)。 兒童社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力問題咨詢與輔導(dǎo)了解社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力的具體內(nèi)容：①自我系統(tǒng)方面的發(fā)展,其中又包括自我意識、自我控制能力、意志品質(zhì)、生活自理能力、創(chuàng)新能力、自我保護(hù)能力等方面的內(nèi)容；②社會(huì)系統(tǒng)方面的發(fā)展,包括社會(huì)認(rèn)知、社會(huì)技能、環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力、交往能力等方面的內(nèi)容；③社會(huì)規(guī)則系統(tǒng)方面的發(fā)展,包括道德品質(zhì)、權(quán)利與義務(wù)意識等規(guī)則的建構(gòu)與發(fā)展。⑷兒童性別認(rèn)同障礙：①從小培養(yǎng)兒童正確識別自己的性別；②嘗試改變環(huán)境；有生理解剖異常者，積極治療原發(fā)??；③對于問題較嚴(yán)重者，可采用行為療法，如正強(qiáng)化法、消退法等，效果較好。通常，當(dāng)伴隨其他心理障礙時(shí)才需要進(jìn)行心理治療，如心理分析法、行為療法（如系統(tǒng)脫敏法、厭惡法）、認(rèn)知療法等。家長、老師和其他成人要給兒童樹立好的相應(yīng)的性角色學(xué)習(xí)榜樣，潛移默化地幫助他們獲得相應(yīng)的性身份認(rèn)同。⑶兒童性取向問題：①戀父戀母情結(jié)：在養(yǎng)育過程中，要培養(yǎng)兒童獨(dú)立的性格；異性家長應(yīng)保持與兒童的適宜的距離；鼓勵(lì)兒童與同性家長、同性伙伴建立良好聯(lián)系。⑵兒童自慰行為問題：①正確看待兒童的自慰行為；②積極關(guān)注兒童的情感變化，給予他們足夠的愛撫和關(guān)懷；③不要嘲笑和訓(xùn)斥兒童。遭遇性虐待兒童要及早發(fā)現(xiàn)；開展心理治療，如認(rèn)知行為療法和可控制的暴露療法。認(rèn)識身體自主權(quán)及人與人之間應(yīng)有的身體界限，區(qū)分不同含義的觸摸；認(rèn)識性虐待、性暴力的相關(guān)概念；樹立自我保護(hù)意識。且這種想法根深蒂固，難以說服。性身份障礙較少見，且男孩多于女孩，常發(fā)生于童年早期，3歲以后至青春期之前均可發(fā)生。這在青春期以前的兒童中很少見。③戀物癖：是指把異性的某個(gè)身體部分如胸、發(fā)、手、耳及無生命的物品作為性活動(dòng)的對象以引起性興奮。表現(xiàn)為：與異性家長形影不離而對同性家長拒之千里；晚上睡覺時(shí)一定要與異性家長同床或必須由異性家長看護(hù)才能入睡；在與異性交往中完全以異性家長的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去衡量、選擇伴侶，或完全排斥除異性家長以外的其他異性。兒童階段的自慰行為一般表現(xiàn)為手淫、性幻想和性夢。其典型特點(diǎn)是包括接觸性和非接觸的性經(jīng)驗(yàn)，受害人年齡低于18歲，并且施暴者年齡明顯很大或者處于能控制兒童的地位。兒童性向發(fā)展的過程：認(rèn)清性別標(biāo)志并建立性別恒常性；學(xué)習(xí)性別角色規(guī)范；建立和同性成人的“同化”；對性別角色的情感傾向。性別：也稱性身份，是指作為男性或女性的個(gè)人感覺，主要表現(xiàn)在個(gè)體的性別自認(rèn)過程中。 兒童性向發(fā)展問題咨詢與輔導(dǎo)了解性向：是個(gè)體對以性、性別和性角色為主要內(nèi)容的性問題加以認(rèn)識和理解，明確自己的性別及與異性的差異，并將自己的行為控制在社會(huì)認(rèn)可的性別角色范圍內(nèi)。使孩子親自去征服挫折、經(jīng)常為孩子設(shè)置一些他們能夠克服的障礙。②培養(yǎng)戰(zhàn)勝挫折的自我調(diào)控能力。培養(yǎng)兒童良好的學(xué)習(xí)毅力的策略：⑴開展理想教育，樹立正確的世界觀和人生觀；⑵榜樣引導(dǎo)，正確歸因；⑶加強(qiáng)磨煉毅力的實(shí)踐鍛煉；⑷進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)拇煺劢逃？梢圆扇「傎惖刃问絹砑ぐl(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。有意識地教給學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的方法，開設(shè)專門的學(xué)習(xí)方法課。③使學(xué)習(xí)成為一種愉快的活動(dòng)。①強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的主體作用，調(diào)動(dòng)其學(xué)習(xí)積極性。③掃除心理障礙，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自信心。①樹立遠(yuǎn)大理想，加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)目的性教育。⑹與樹立遠(yuǎn)大的理想結(jié)合結(jié)合起來。⑷及時(shí)幫助學(xué)生解決學(xué)習(xí)困難。④及時(shí)反饋，適時(shí)鼓勵(lì)，積極強(qiáng)化，體驗(yàn)成功。②親身體驗(yàn)，主動(dòng)嘗試。⑶改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法。貫徹“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”思想，注意深淺得當(dāng)。培養(yǎng)兒童學(xué)習(xí)興趣的策略：⑴挖掘?qū)W科知識中的興趣點(diǎn)。③在自身進(jìn)步中體驗(yàn)成功。①角色轉(zhuǎn)換?？梢酝ㄟ^獎(jiǎng)賞、懲罰、創(chuàng)設(shè)合作的課堂學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境等方法，給學(xué)生以適當(dāng)動(dòng)力。⑵利用期望效應(yīng)，提出明確而適度的期望和要求。學(xué)習(xí)毅力：學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中長期不懈地保持充沛精力，堅(jiān)韌不拔、不屈不撓地去克服困難、排除干擾，堅(jiān)決完成任務(wù)的優(yōu)良意志品質(zhì)。學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣對學(xué)業(yè)的影響：良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣不僅可以節(jié)省學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間、提高學(xué)習(xí)效率，而且可以減少差錯(cuò)。反之，學(xué)習(xí)就被動(dòng)，學(xué)習(xí)效果也差。濃厚的興趣能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性，啟迪他們的智力潛能并使之處于最活躍狀態(tài)；濃厚的興趣可激起學(xué)生強(qiáng)大的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力，促使他們頑強(qiáng)拼搏、努力學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)習(xí)興趣：是學(xué)生基于自己的學(xué)習(xí)需要而表現(xiàn)出來的一種認(rèn)識傾向。成就動(dòng)機(jī)與學(xué)業(yè)的關(guān)系：成就動(dòng)機(jī)越強(qiáng)，成就需要的層次就越高，對學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和成才的推動(dòng)作用就越大。另外還可從兒童早期經(jīng)歷與社會(huì)文化背景、兒童的一般智力水平與基本心理能力、兒童的行為表現(xiàn)與人格因素、兒童的學(xué)業(yè)水平、教育因素幾方面入手。學(xué)業(yè)不良的診斷：主要是通過考試成績，還可結(jié)合學(xué)生聽覺理解、口語表達(dá)、定向能力、行為能力、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力等進(jìn)行非正式的判斷。 兒童學(xué)業(yè)問題咨詢與輔導(dǎo)了解學(xué)業(yè)不良：除殘疾兒童外，由于生理、心理、行為、環(huán)境、教育等原因致使在正常教育情形下學(xué)習(xí)成績明顯達(dá)不到義務(wù)教育的教學(xué)大綱