【正文】 Modalization: (information)從 可能性 或 經(jīng)常性 角度來看信息的可靠性 Probability: 可能性階 （ possible, probable, certain) Usuality: 經(jīng)常性階 （ sometimes, usually, always) 1. 限定性情態(tài)動詞 That will be John. 2. 表示概率或頻率的情態(tài)副詞 That’s probably John. 3. 兩者并用 That will probably John. Modulation: （ Goods amp。 services information giving Offer I will show you the way. Statement We’re nearly there. demanding Command Give me your hand. Question Is this the place? Mood A: The duke’s given away that teapot, hasn’t he? B: Oh, has he? A: Yes, he has. B: No, he hasn’t! A: I wish he had. B: He hasn’t, but he will. A: Will he? B: He might. Mood: Subject + Finite. Residue: Predicator, Complement amp。 語言還具有表達說話者的身份 ， 地位 ， 態(tài)度 ， 動機 ， 及其對事物的推斷 ， 判斷和評價等功能 。 Peter’s is the piano. Process 4. Verbal Processes: Processes of Saying ? Verbal processes are those of exchanging information. ? Commonly used verbs: ―say‖, ―tell‖, ―talk‖, ―praise‖, ―describe‖, etc. ? Participant: Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage (the verbalization itself or the content of message). He said that. (SayerProcessVerbiage) The notices tells you to keep quite. (SayerProcessVerbiage) She asked me some questions. (SayerProcessVerbiage) Process 5. Behavioral Processes: Processes of Behaving ? Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological activities such as breathing, coughing, dreaming, and crying, etc. ? Generally only one participant — the Behaver (often a human) is involved in these processes. The girl laughed heartily. (Behaver ProcessCircumstantial) He sighed deeply. (BehaverProcessCircumstantial) Process 6. Existential Processes: Processes of Existing or Happening It is usually realized by thereconstruction. Existent ： an event, an object or a human being. There was a storm. (ProcessExistent) On the wall there hangs a picture. (Circumstance ProcessExistent) Process Types Category Meaning Participants Material: Action Event Doing: Doing, happening Actor, Goal Behavioural Behaving Behaver Mental: Perception Affection, Cognition Sensing: seeing feeling, thinking Senser, Phenomenon Verbal saying Sayer, receiver,verbiage Relational: Attribution Identification Being: attributing identifying Carrier, Attribute, Identifier, Identified, Token, Value Existential existing Existent Participants 1. Beneficiary The beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place. It appears in material and verbal processes, and sometimes in relational processes. . He gave her a book. (Actor Process Beneficiary Goal) He bought a present for her. (Actor Process Goal Beneficiary) Participants 2. Range The Range is the element that specifies the range or scope of the process. It may occur in material, behavioural, mental, and verbal process. He climbed the mountain. They moved the mountain. material process (range) (goal) mental process He likes it. (it specifies the domain of one’s liking) Participants 2. Range