【正文】 D. 雙關(guān)語。A. 比喻。 D. 基于事實和理論。A. 歸納法科學(xué)。 D. 幫助我們了解演繹法，三項都不對。B. 前者簡單。第五段第二句，事實是一個提議，通過運用知識的源泉和經(jīng)驗而證實的提議直接而又簡單。理論，如果是真正的理論，就是事實——一種特殊類別的事實，一般復(fù)雜，但仍是事實。答案在第四，五段，死段試圖在事實的對立面和理論，或事實和思想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來有餓太狹隘，也會因模糊不清遭批評。 D. 由于演繹法的衰落。A. 兩個階段的相似性。2. B. 是上天的安排，這是作家在用方法論等失敗后得出的結(jié)論。 B. 近來科學(xué)的發(fā)展。第四，五段涉及事實和理論的關(guān)系。第三段進(jìn)一步闡明不用這些方法觀察，實驗；忽略相關(guān)事實，推理不慎；不能答出理論的結(jié)論，再用實驗或觀察來檢驗等或用得不全，不論在古代還是現(xiàn)代都會失敗。這種解釋太狹隘，經(jīng)仔細(xì)審核，難以很清晰地點明古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)教義和探究上明顯的差別。文章一開始就提出問題，為什么從希臘文化頂峰時期后兩千年來歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人，是應(yīng)用新，舊方法關(guān)系還是其它（見難句譯注1，2）。這種區(qū)分雖不足以解釋科學(xué)研究中真正方法，但奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)，含有真正方法中的重要特性。真正的理論就是事實。最后以“對立”——事實和理論對立古代重視事實來解釋。然后以現(xiàn)代用歸納法，古代用演繹法太狹隘說明科學(xué)總是在觀察，實驗，檢驗，證實中前進(jìn)。寫作方法與文章大意這是篇議論文，論及科學(xué)探索的方法，總體是因果寫法，具體分析又是對比寫法。4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to socalled historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?[參考譯文] 或者我們是否應(yīng)當(dāng)把兩個階段的特點歸因于所謂的歷史的偶然性（意外事件）——歸因于客觀環(huán)境中相似（結(jié)合）的影響。2. …—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—…[參考譯文] 問什么在后來的二百年中自然科學(xué)數(shù)理科學(xué)積累起來，它們廣泛的超越了過去已知的一切，所以就把這些科學(xué)視為我們時代的產(chǎn)品。這樣便于理解，整個句子是主謂表結(jié)構(gòu)，前面一個問題句作主語，question后跟一個定語從句，和not less than連接的表語。 but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not plete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally plex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is [A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is [A]. the similarity between the two periods.[B]. that it was an act of God.[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.4. According to the author, mathematics is[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.[D]. a pun.Vocabulary1. inductive 歸納法induction 2. deductive 演繹法deduction n。 Passage Three (Method of Scientific Inquiry)Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to socalled historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has bee monplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method。 D. 他們有點太講究實效， B,C, D 三項不是主要問題。B. 他們領(lǐng)袖很腐敗。 B,D兩項不夠明確。 B. 鼓勵可能會導(dǎo)致某些意想不到的結(jié)果。A. 它可能會打開潘多拉盒子。4. C. 它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族會提出同樣的要求。 B. 它們活動游說在國際機(jī)構(gòu)取得職位。A. 它們游說活動歐盟和聯(lián)合國接受他們的要求。3. D. 它們在這些國際組織，如歐盟，聯(lián)合國中進(jìn)行活動游說要取得一席之