古希臘哲學英文(參考版)
2025-03-25 05:03本頁面
【正文】 imbedded in matter.39。s rational design.― – Toulmin, Stephen and June Goodfield, The Discovery of Time, The University of Chicago Press, 1965, . Aristotle believed that the world we are born into is the real world and is not just a shadow of a more ultimate world. He brought Plato39。thisness39。 is the bination of characteristics that make it an oak tree rather than, say, a pussy cat。 or 39。 its 39。s 39。thisness.39。whatness,39。s term...) is the thing39。form,39。 if not you’ll bee a philosopher.‖ Deep Philosophy From Socrates Thank You “ The only useful knowledge is that which betters us.‖ Socrates Plato vs. Aristotle ? Particular was less real ? Substance is transitory ? Form is static ? Fear of change ? Founded academy ? Mystic ? Belittler of natural science ? Math—highest form of thinking ? Universe was less real ? Substance needs matter ? True nature evolves ? Change inevitable to progress ? Founded Lyceum ? Logician ? Observer of natural science ? Separated math and science Platonic vs. PreSocratic ? World is an ordered cosmos ? Pervasive intelligence ? Order transcends physical manifestation ? Complete knowledge ? Full understanding satisfies the mind and soul ? Knowledge acquired through reason ? Truth is transitory ? Natural phenomena are impersonal and physical ? Theory measured against empirical knowledge ? No thought is final “ Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not, nor of what form they are。Classical Greek Philosophy Socrates ? Simple man – Stonemason – Shrewish wife – Loyal service in the war ? Incredible concentration ? Wisest man in Athens (oracle) ? Gad fly (Dialectics/Socratic method) ? ―The unexamined life is not worth living.‖ Socrates ? Convicted of ―corrupting the youth‖ ? Described as ―the best and wisest‖ and ―most noble‖ man Plato ? Student of Socrates ? The Academy ? Mathematics ? What is the real nature of things? What makes this a Chair? Chairness Plato ? The Republic – Ideal society – Rule by the philosophers – The Allegory of the Cave Plato ? Superiority of the intellectual life – Platonic love – Devalued the physical ? Creation by the Demiurge – Shaping imperfect matter into the perfect Form ? Ethics Find the Form in all things Aristotle ? Taught by Plato ? Lyceum – Natural sciences – Truth is best understood from observation of living things ? Capable in many areas ? Forms can be understood from the physical as well as from the purely intellectual Aristotle ? Aristotelian Scientific Method – Used for 2022 years – Basic assumptions based on reasoning ? Deductive method – Observations used to confirm the assumptions ? Example: Elements of earth (4) and heavens ? Example: Qualities
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