freepeople性欧美熟妇, 色戒完整版无删减158分钟hd, 无码精品国产vα在线观看DVD, 丰满少妇伦精品无码专区在线观看,艾栗栗与纹身男宾馆3p50分钟,国产AV片在线观看,黑人与美女高潮,18岁女RAPPERDISSSUBS,国产手机在机看影片

正文內(nèi)容

【農(nóng)學(xué)課件】植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)原理(參考版)

2025-02-24 22:12本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 此時(shí) , 種子中儲(chǔ)藏的磷素業(yè)已耗盡 , 根系的吸收能力又弱 , 如果土壤磷素供應(yīng)不足 , 對(duì)幼苗和后期的生長(zhǎng)就會(huì)。 ? 大多數(shù)作物磷素營(yíng)養(yǎng)的臨界期多出現(xiàn)在幼苗期 , 或種子營(yíng)養(yǎng)向土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)折期 。 各種作物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)臨界期不完全相同 , 但多出現(xiàn)在作物生育前期 。 ? 作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)臨界期 ? ? 所謂作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)臨界期是指某種養(yǎng)分缺乏或過(guò)多時(shí)對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)影響最大的時(shí)期 。如單子葉植物氮素吸收高峰大約在拔節(jié)期,而開花期吸收量有所減少;而雙子葉植物的棉花吸收氮素的高峰約在初花期 盛花期。 作物吸收養(yǎng)分的一般規(guī)律是 : 生長(zhǎng)初期吸收的數(shù)量、強(qiáng)度都較低, 隨著時(shí)間的推移,對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收量逐漸增加,到成熟期,又趨于減少。在整個(gè)生育過(guò)程中,除了萌發(fā)期靠種子營(yíng)養(yǎng)和生育末期根部停止吸收養(yǎng)分外,作物都要通過(guò)根系從介質(zhì)中吸收養(yǎng)分。下大雨前,或烈日下,或大風(fēng)天不要噴肥。尿素也有一定的作用。如果給溶液中加入表面活性劑,就可延長(zhǎng)溶液在葉片上的附著時(shí)間。 (三)影響根外營(yíng)養(yǎng)的因素 ? 第三 葉片對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸附能力 養(yǎng)分溶液在葉片上的附著時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),越有利于養(yǎng)分吸收。 第二 礦質(zhì)元素種類與濃度 植物葉片對(duì)不同種類礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收速率是不同的 。 與大田作物相比 , 溫室大棚里的作物 , 葉片嬌嫩 , 角質(zhì)層少 。 (二 )葉面營(yíng)養(yǎng)的特點(diǎn) 優(yōu)點(diǎn) 肥效迅速、肥料利用率高 土壤養(yǎng)分有效性低時(shí) 土壤表層干燥 生長(zhǎng)后期根系活力下降 增加籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量 增加果實(shí)中鈣的含量 缺點(diǎn) 肥效短暫 存在問(wèn)題 穿透率低,尤其對(duì)角質(zhì)層厚的葉片 從疏水層表面流失 被雨水淋洗 一次施肥提供的養(yǎng)分總量有限(平均 1% 400l/ha) 葉片燒傷(枯斑或燒傷) 表 124土壤施銅和葉面施銅對(duì)小麥生長(zhǎng)參數(shù)和籽粒產(chǎn)量的影響( Grundon, 1980) 處理 穗數(shù) /m2 粒數(shù) /穗 籽粒產(chǎn)量(克干物 質(zhì) / m2 ) 不施銅 土壤施銅( kg/CuSO4/ha) 葉面噴施( 2%, 2kg CuSO4/ha) 拔節(jié)期施一次 拔節(jié)及抽穗期各一次 (三)影響根外營(yíng)養(yǎng)的因素 第一 葉片類型 水生植物和生長(zhǎng)在潮濕環(huán)境中的植物 , 蠟質(zhì)層薄 , 吸收養(yǎng)分容易;而旱生植物的葉片蠟質(zhì)層厚 , 吸收養(yǎng)分較困難 。 當(dāng)溶液經(jīng)過(guò)角質(zhì)層孔道到達(dá)細(xì)胞壁后 , 還要進(jìn)一步經(jīng)由細(xì)胞壁中的外質(zhì)連絲到達(dá)原生質(zhì)膜 。 角質(zhì)層的主要化學(xué)成分為半親水的 C18 羥基脂肪酸類化合物 , 并含有角質(zhì) 、果膠及一些非脂化的角質(zhì)多聚物 , 因而帶一定的負(fù)電荷 。 角質(zhì)層有微細(xì)孔道 ( 甘藍(lán)葉片的角質(zhì)層的孔道直徑約 6~ 7nm) , 也叫 外質(zhì)連絲 , 它是葉片吸收養(yǎng)分的通道 。 蠟質(zhì)層在葉片的最外面 , 疏水性強(qiáng) , 對(duì)水分和無(wú)機(jī)養(yǎng)分吸收有明顯的限制 。再利用程度大的元素,養(yǎng)分缺乏首先表現(xiàn)在老的部位,而不能再利用的養(yǎng)分,缺素癥狀首先表現(xiàn)在幼嫩器官 表 122 韌皮部中礦質(zhì)元素的移動(dòng)性 [4] 移動(dòng)性大 移動(dòng)性小 難移動(dòng) 氮 鐵 硼 磷 錳 鈣 鉀 鋅 鎂 銅 表 123 缺素癥狀表現(xiàn)部位與養(yǎng)分再利用程度的關(guān)系 [4] 營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素種類 缺素癥出現(xiàn)部位 再利用程度 氮、磷、鉀、鎂 老葉 高 硫 新葉 較低 鐵、鋅、銅、鉬 新葉 低 硼、鈣 新葉頂端分生組織 很低 第三節(jié)植物的葉部營(yíng)養(yǎng) ? ( 一 ) 葉片吸收養(yǎng)分的機(jī)理 研究表明 , 水生植物的葉片是吸收礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的重要部位 。 營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素在韌皮部中的移動(dòng)性在一定程度上反映了,該元素在的再利用能力的大小。 ? The phloem prises of a number of different cell types of which the sieve elements (SE) and panion cells (CC) are the most important. These are living cells although SE have lost some anelles (. the vacuole) and others are modified (. mitochondria and plastids). ? ? The SE and CC are connected by plasmodesmata (modulated pores connecting the cytosols of adjacent cells). The SE form the translocation pathway and are separated by a sieve plate containing pores. A collection of SE forms a sieve tube. ? Autoradiography of stems translocating sugars made from 14CO2 fed to leaves has shown that the phloem is the pathway for distributing photoassimilates. symplastic apopl asticsymplastic apoplastic ? Loading can be apoplastic or symplastic. The type of loading is speciesdependent and can be indicated by ―plasmodesmagrams‖ (righthand diagram) that map the number of plasmodesmatal connections between different cell types. ? Apoplastic loaders (Type 2a or 2b) tend to use sucrose( 蔗糖) as their transport sugar whereas symplastic loaders (Type 1) use oligosaccharides( 寡糖) such as raffinose( 蜜三糖) and stachyose( 水蘇糖) . ? Apoplastic loading involves efflux of sucrose from cells, movement through the cell wall, and active transport of sugars into the phloem. The latter requires the presence of an H+transporting ATPase to energise the membrane and a H+sucrose symport to transport the sucrose into the SE/CC plex. Reporter genes and antibodies have shown that these proteins are present. ? ? The mechanism by which sugars are concentrated in the phloem of symplastic loaders is not understood. It may involve “polymer trapping” ? Each nodule fixes 30100 mg of N [g fresh weight]1 day1 without large accumulation of N in the nodule. There must be very efficient export. Each nodule exports 310x its own N content every day. Up to 19 mg of sugar are needed to fix 1 mg of N so there must also be efficient C uptake. ? ? Fixation occurs in peribacteroids that contain modified Rhizobium bacteria surrounded by a peribacteroid membrane derived from the plant plasma membrane during the nodulation process. The peribacteroid membrane is energised by a H+pumping Ptype ATPase that pumps H+ from the cytosol into the peribacteroid creating an acidic pH and an insidepositive membrane potential. Carbon is taken up into the nodule as malate through a malatepermeable channel with malate entering in response to the insidepositive membrane potential. Metabolism keeps internal malate low, so maintaining the electrochemical potential gradient in a direction favourable for uptake. …. or so we thought. But a year or so ago Blumwald and colleagues showed otherwise. First of all, they transformed Arabidopsis to overexpress (opposite of antisense) a single gene encoding a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport Then the gene was over expressed in tomato, and amazingly, that, too could grow in 200 mM NaCl Wildtype low salt Wildtype 200mM NaCl Mutant 200 mM salt ? Even though the Na+/H+ transporter is expressed the fruits, no salt accumulates! ? That’s probably because most of the water in the fruit is translocated along with sugars in the phloem. ? So with 60 million hectares (25% of irrigated land) now affected by salinity, can and should we use geic manipulation to modify such crops? ( 3)養(yǎng)分在體內(nèi)重新分配 韌皮部中養(yǎng)分的移動(dòng)性 不同營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素在韌皮部中的移動(dòng)性不同。 養(yǎng)分在韌皮部的運(yùn)輸受蒸騰作用的影響很小 。 Symplastic Apoplastic ? Measurement of electrochemical gradients in cell profiles across the root show that uptake of K+ into cells may be active or passive, but the final transfer into the xylem is passive. ? 鉀離子的吸收通道 ? AKT1 probably mediates some of the passive uptake in Arabidop
點(diǎn)擊復(fù)制文檔內(nèi)容
教學(xué)課件相關(guān)推薦
文庫(kù)吧 www.dybbs8.com
備案圖鄂ICP備17016276號(hào)-1