【正文】 f) impact loads. Applicable forces and loads at different load binations are shown in Table 2. 13 BS EN 1398:2022 EN 1398:2022 (E) Table 2 — Applicable factors and loads at different load binations Primary loads Safety against yield stress (factor for combined loads) * Safety against yield stress (factor for not combined loads) * Supplementary loads Applicable factors and loads at different load binations Dead loads (factor) Rated load (dynamic factor) Inertia forces, factor Out of service wind load (kN/m2) Impact loads (at 1 m) Braking and starting loads (factor) ** Clause Normal operation, leveller in use, or not in use 1 1,4 1,33 1,5 – – – 0,3 Cross traffic operation, leveller in stored position 1 1,4 1,33 1,5 – – – 0,3 Leveller in stored position, no rated load, wind load can occur 1 – 1,33 1,5 – 1 1 0 Exceptional situation, emergency stop 1 1 1 1 1,4 – – 0 * Safety factor against the yield stress is 1,33 when primary and supplementary loads are bined, or 1,5 when not bined loads ** Braking and starting loads are acting in traffic direction Dead loads The masses of all permanently fixed and movable ponents shall be taken as dead loads. Rated load including dynamic effects In addition to the rated load dynamic effects shall be considered. 14 BS EN 1398:2022 EN 1398:2022 (E) The dynamic effects of the rated load due to its movement shall be calculated by multiplying the rated load by the dynamic factor Φ = 1,4. This load shall, depending on the width b of the deck structure, generally be expressed in terms of: a) point load for b ≤ 1,25 m。 d) braking and starting loads。 Relevant clauses in this standard Crushing hazard , , , , , , , Shearing hazard , , , , , , , Impact hazard High pressure fluid ejection hazard , , , , Contact of persons with live part (direct contact) , Contact of persons with parts which have bee live under faulty conditions (indirect contact) , 4 Hazards generated by noise 8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machine design Unhealthy postures or excessive effort , Inadequate consideration of handarm or footleg anatomy , Mental overload and underload, stress not applicable Human error, human behaviour , Inadequate design, location or identification of manual controls , , Inadequate design or location of visual display units 10 Unexpected startup Failure, malfunction of control system , , Restoration of energy supply after an interruption , Other external influence gravity, wind etc. , 11 Impossible to stop the machine in the best position , 14 Failure of the power supply , , 18 Loss of stability 19 Slip, trip and fall hazard , , , , , , , , , 12 BS EN 1398:2022 EN 1398:2022 (E) 5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures Calculations and dimensions General Dock levellers shall be designed to withstand all loads and forces under all operating and static conditions according to the scope. Dock levellers have an adequate strength if when the loads and forces given in are used in the calculation methods given in the necessary design criteria/safety factors of are achieved. Structural design General Dock levellers wider than 1,25 m shall, in principle, be designed to withstand the passage of forklift and similar industrial trucks. At widths up to 1,25 m, such dock levellers may be designed to withstand loads resulting from pedestrian traffic and pedestrian operated industrial trucks only. Loads and forces General When calculating dock levellers all relevant loads and forces subdivided into primary and supplementary loads and forces shall be taken into account. Primary loads and forces are as follows: a) dead loads。 b) power operated dock leveller built into a loading dock or fixed at the edge of a dock, see Figure 1b) and d)。 e) transport equipment on dock levellers. The significant hazards of dock levellers are listed in Clause 4. These hazards have been identified by risk assessment according to EN ISO 121002 and require actions to avoid the hazard, or to reduce the risk, which are covered in Clause 5. The safety requirements are based on the assumption that the dock levellers are regularly maintained by petent persons to the instructions of the manufacturer and that the operating person has been instructed in the use of the dock leveller. This European Standard is not applicable to dock levellers which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN. This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to dock Levellers, when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer (see Clause 4). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 349, Safety of machinery — Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body EN 982, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their ponents — Hydraulics EN 983, Saf