【正文】 s haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest cover。s artistic innovation before the advent of the Inter period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Inter and the other puterized means of art innovation. The handdrawn children39。s illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about children39。s illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustration arts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditional paintings and the western style, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (16441911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (196676) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustrationstory books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of children39。t miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Frie d rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are remended. Children39。t rain much and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrip39。t just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesia39。s information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening peopletopeople contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: We39。s Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the freevisa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those se eking extensions will need to get paid visas from that country39。A=1256247。202100=％ 3％ ,NU= (fcA＋ AS’ fy’ )=(202100＋360X1256)==N=3000KN 故此柱截面不安全 4某軸心受壓矩形截面柱 ,其尺寸 b X h = 400mmX500mm，該柱承受的軸力設(shè)計值 N=2021kN,計算長度l0= ,采用 C30 混凝土， HRB400 級受力鋼筋 ,試校核此柱是 否安全。1000=200mm ea=max(h30,20)=20mm e1=e0＋ ea=200＋ 220mm ηe1=220=220mm 12 14 12 12 （ ?某矩形截面柱，其尺寸 bh=400mmX500mm，該柱承受的軸力設(shè)計值 N=3000kN 計算長度 l0= m C20 混凝土， HRB400 級受力鋼筋，已知 fc=14 .3N∕ mm2 fy=360N∕ mm2 ， as=35mm配置有縱向受力鋼筋面積 1256mm2，試驗算截面安全否？解： 1）確定穩(wěn)定系數(shù) l0∕ b=4400∕ 400=11表得 Φ = 2）確定柱截面承載力 A=400500=202100mm2, AS’=1256mm2 , P’=AS’247。bh0=465= 假設(shè)成立，為大偏壓構(gòu)件 (2)計算偏心距及配筋面積e0=M247。a1fcb=(10001000)247。 m，采用 C25 砼， HRB400級受力鋼筋，已知 fc=∕ mm2,fy’ =fy=360N∕ mm2,as=a’ s=35mm,167。 (1＋ )= ya?ф ?f ?A= 106=＞ N=120KN 截面承載力滿足要求。 370= φ =1247。 f = / mm2 , a= 解： A= = ya= (＋ )= β =H0247。 M 1 某粘土磚柱，截面尺寸為 370 490mm，柱底承受軸力設(shè)計值 N=120kN，采用 MUl0磚和 M5 水泥砂漿砌筑，H。 2) =360 1964 (465－ 247。bh0=465=＞ X 滿足要求。 a1fcb=(360 1964)247。 m的作用，在受拉區(qū)配置有 4根直徑 25mm的鋼筋 (As=1964mm2) 已 知 a1fc=∕ mm2,fy=360N∕ mm2Pmin=℅ as=35mm167。 2) =360 1256 (465－ 247。 ( 250)= Xb=167。 b = asmax= 解： (1)判斷梁的條件是否滿足要求 Pminbh=％ 250 500=250mm2As=1256mm2 X= fyAs247。矩形截面簡支梁，截面尺寸為 250 500mm，采用 C30砼， HRB400級縱向受力鋼筋，在受拉區(qū)配置有 4根直徑 20ram的鋼筋 (AS=1256mm2)，試求截面所能承受的最大彎距。 2)= 106Nmm= kN ? m＜ M=250 kN ? m 截面不安全。⑵求截面受彎承載力，并判斷該梁是否安全 Mu = fyAs (h o－ X247。 ( 250)= Xb=167。MU= fyAs(h0x／ 2) 解： (1)判斷梁的條件是否滿足要求 Pminbh =℅ 250500=250mm2＜ AS=1964mm2 X= fyAs247。Xb=167。X=fyAs247。 已知： a1fe=／ mm2,fy=360N／ mm2,Pmin=℅ ,as=35mm,167。 2) = 106Nmm =160. 6 kN ? m 3 矩形截面簡支梁，截面尺寸為 250 500mm，混凝土強度等級 C25，鋼筋采用 HRB400 級，承受最大彎距設(shè)計值 M=250kN． m的作用，已經(jīng)在受拉區(qū)配置有 4 根直徑 25mm 的鋼筋 (A。bh0=440=242mm X 滿 足要求 2)求極限彎矩 Mu = fyAs (h o－ X247。a1fcb=(3001570)247。已知 fc=∕ mm2 , fy=300N／mm2,Pmin= ％ ,as=60mm ,167。 2) = 106Nmm =160. 6 kN ? m 200 kN ? m 截面不安全。 (2) 求截面受彎承載力， 并判斷該梁是否安全 Mu = fyAs (h o－ X247。(200)= 11 14 11 11 Xb=167。MU= fyAs(h0x／ 2) 解 :(1)判斷梁的條件是否滿足要求 Pminbh=O. 2% 200 500= 200mm 2 ＜ As= 1570mm 2 X=fyAS247。Xb=167。X=fyAs247。 b =,ho=440mm 。 3．在進行砌體結(jié)構(gòu)房 屋靜力計算時，作為剛性和剛彈性方案的橫墻，為保證屋蓋水平梁的支座位移不致過大，橫墻應(yīng)滿足什么要求才能保證其平面剛度？ (剛性和剛彈性方案房屋的橫墻應(yīng)符合什么要求？ ) 答：（ 1）橫墻中開洞口時，洞口的水平截面積不應(yīng)超過橫墻截面積的 50％；（ 2）橫墻的厚度不宜小于 180 毫米；（ 3）單層房屋的橫墻長度不宜小于其高度，多層房屋的橫墻長度不宜小于 H/2（ H 為橫墻總高度） 四計算題 J1 矩形截面簡支梁，截面尺寸為 2 0 0 500mm ， 采用 C25 砼， HRB335 級縱向受力鋼筋， 承受 彎距設(shè)計值 M = 200kN ? m 的作用， 在受拉區(qū)配置有 5 根直徑 20mm 的鋼筋 ( A. = 1570mm2， 試驗算截面安全與否。 ≤ 167。 1．在受彎構(gòu)件的單筋矩形截面梁正截面承載力計算中，基本公式的兩個適用條件是什么 ?為什么必須滿足這兩個適用條件 ?答 : 基本公式的兩個適用條件是 ： (1)為了避免出現(xiàn)少筋情況，必須控制截面配筋率不小于最小配率率 。③ 綜合式能遮擋窗上方及左右兩側(cè)的陽光，故適用南、東南、西南及其附近朝向的窗口。 ⑵① 水平式能夠遮擋太陽高度角較大，從窗上方照射的陽光，適于南向及接近南向的窗口。當箍筋屈服后，由于箍筋 應(yīng) 力基本不 變 而 應(yīng)變 迅速增加，斜裂 縫 迅速展 開 和延伸，最后斜裂 縫 上端剪 壓 區(qū)的混凝土在剪 壓復(fù) 合 應(yīng) 力的作用下達到極限強 度， 發(fā) 生剪 壓 破壞。 (3) 剪 壓 破壞 z 如果箍筋配置的數(shù)量適當，且 時 ， 則 在斜裂 縫 出 現(xiàn) 以后， 箍筋 應(yīng) 力會明 顯 增 長 。此 時 梁的受剪承 載 力取決于構(gòu)件的截面尺寸和混凝土 強 度。從而產(chǎn) 生斜拉破壞，屬于脆性破壞。 2．影響地震荷