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長期、短期與不變要素、可變要素 42 42 短期利潤最大化 假定要素 2的投入水平 保持不變,廠商的利潤最大化問題就可以表示為 ? ?11 2 1 1 2 2m a x ,x p f x x w x w x??銷售收入 變動成本 固定成本 43 43 利潤最大化 生產(chǎn)要素的邊際產(chǎn)品價值 (the marginal revenue product of input 1)應該等于它的價格 ? ?*1 1 2 1,p M P x x w?x1 ¥ pMP1 w1 x*1 44 44 幾何法 等利潤線 (IsoProfit Lines) 1 1 2 2p y w x w x? ? ? ?2121wwy x xp p p?? ? ?slope vertical intercept 45 45 IsoProfit Lines ???????????????y x1 S lo p es wp? ? 146 46 ShortRun ProfitMaximization S lo p es wp? ? 1x1*y*x1 y ???????????????? ?12,y f x x?MP w p p MP w1 1 1 1? ? ? ?47 47 ShortRun ProfitMaximization。 經(jīng)濟利潤: 1 1 1 1n n m mp y p y w x w x? ? ? ? ? ?39 39 經(jīng)濟利潤 投入量、產(chǎn)出量及利潤均為流量; 經(jīng)濟成本 11nmi i i iiip y w x???????40 40 企業(yè)現(xiàn)值 某廠商若干時期的經(jīng)濟利潤為 π0, π1, π2, … 利率為 r ,廠商經(jīng)濟利潤的現(xiàn)值為 120 21 ( 1 )PV rr???? ? ? ???41 41 不變要素和可變要素 數(shù)量固定的生產(chǎn)要素稱為不變要素(固定要素)。x139。1 2 2 技術( Technologies) 什么叫技術? 技術是投入轉換為產(chǎn)出的過程 . labor, a puter, a projector, electricity, and software are being bined to produce this lecture. Usually several technologies will produce the same product . a blackboard and chalk can be used instead of a puter and a projector. Which technology is “best”? How do we pare technologies? 3 3 Production Functions y denotes the output level. The technology’s production function states the maximum amount of output possible from an input bundle. y f x x n? ( , , )1 ?4 4 Production Functions One input, one output y = f(x) x1 Input Level x Output Level y1 y1 = f(x1) is the maximal output level obtainable from x1 input units. 5 5 Technologies with Multiple Inputs Suppose the production function is 1 / 3 1 / 31 2 1 2( , ) 2y f x x x x???(x1, x2) = (1, 8) ?(x1,x2) = (8,8) 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3122 2 1 8 2 1 2 4y x x? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1 / 3