【正文】 中國西北、華北的黃土高原地區(qū)，由于 17 黃土地層便于挖 掘和氣候干燥，穴居的傳統(tǒng)一直延續(xù)至今。但古代陵墓仍然按照地上建筑方式在地下營建。據(jù)仰韶文化和龍山文化遺址的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，證明在距今 7000～ 5000 年前開始出現(xiàn)人工挖掘的居住洞穴，從簡單的袋形豎穴到圓形或方形的半地穴，上面有簡單屋頂。 地下建筑發(fā)展簡史 遠(yuǎn)古時期，人類就開始利用天然洞穴防寒暑、避風(fēng)雨和躲避野獸。在城市中有計劃地建造地下建筑，對節(jié)省城市用地，降低建筑密度，改善城市交通，擴(kuò)大綠地面積，減輕城市污染，提高城市生活質(zhì)量等方面，都可以起到重要的作用。地下建筑處在一定厚度的巖層或土層中，可免遭或減少核武器、常規(guī)武器、化學(xué)武器和生物武器的破壞，同時也能較有效地抵御地震、颶風(fēng)等自然災(zāi)害。由于地下建筑的大規(guī)模發(fā)展，地下建筑學(xué)正在形成，它的研究內(nèi)容包括地下建筑發(fā)展歷史和發(fā)展方向，地下空間的開發(fā)和利用，城市地下空間的綜合規(guī)劃，各類地下建筑的規(guī)劃設(shè)計，以及與地下建筑有關(guān)的環(huán)境、生理、心理和技術(shù)等問題。它是現(xiàn)代城市高速發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，起緩和城市矛盾，改善生活環(huán)境的作用，也為人類開拓了新的生活領(lǐng)域。 in order to reduce project cost, it is necessary to adopt the new structure, high efficiency equipment and highstrength materials. ③ multidisciplinary research. The rapid development of underground construction, so that more and more people in different ways of living in the underground environment, and therefore meet the basic requirements based on the use of underground construction continuously higher quality requirements. From medicine, physiology, psychology and other disciplines, different perspectives, many ways to improve the underground environment of the ways and measures, including some of the more plex issue. For example, the underground environment and its impact on the dose of radioactive elements has been started to conduct research. ④ from individuals to groups, from single to prehensive development. Urban construction, to a certain stage of development, individual and scattered underground construction can not meet the various needs of urban life, is bound to gradually integrated to the groups and direction. For example, the Mass Transit Railway underground line to increase the formation of highspeed transportation work, the transfer line at different points on the formation of a relatively easy to change stations, car parks and shops, such as the underground plex, which may be expanded to bee the underground mall or mercial center . Also, in order to make full use of urban underground space should be to change the city39。 At the same time, underground storage of heat, cold energy, mechanical energy (water, pressed air) and other aspects of the ongoing feasibility study and test. Again, in order to improve the urban environment, the ground floor of a largescale sewage treatment plants have been built in a small number of developed countries, the construction of urban waste disposal in the ground plant also being investigated. ② design and construction and continuously improved. The type of new construction is often 14 higher technical requirements, so that a new process development and improvement of construction technology. For example, in order to build a database of underground nuclear waste, it is necessary to solve the deep excavation of the postrock pressure and rock strata in the role of nuclear waste under the stress of high temperature change。 Winter construction with antifreeze to warm the specific measures, such as the concrete into the mold temperature above 5 ℃ , the thermal ponent to do the work too fast to prevent thermal cracks resulting from shrinkage. Underground construction of the development trend of increasing: ① type and scale. In recent years, some new, emerging types of underground construction. For example, with the growth of use of nuclear energy, nuclear waste handling and storage bee a serious problem。 (7) Construction of the summer heat must be cooled to control the concrete into the mold temperature shall not exceed 28 ℃ 。 (5) the quality control of raw materials, timely grasp the construction environment, in strict accordance with the construction norms of construction。 (3) do a good job back to the outskirts of underground construction fill, is the underground construction of the first line of defense against water。 Concrete is a mixture of vertical joints, and pouring speed, vibration trace and uneven, resulting in the concrete wall is not homogeneous, the particle stress is not evenly, resulting in stress cracks Department. Fourth, nonstandard installation of reinforced, such as uneven spacing, horizontal transfer has not been reinforced and joint relaxation banding, or the protection of strict control, resulting in a collision so that when pouring concrete reinforced skew, stress is not absorbed, prone to cracks. Especially the underground engineering specification waterproof GB501082020 of underground water surface reinforced concrete structure to protect the layer thickness is not less than 50 mm since the implementation of the mandatory requirements, long cracks in the basement of the issue of concrete structures have bee more prominent. Treatment and prevention measures: (1) underground construction of the vertical cracks in the wall: the contraction is mainly concrete, shrinkage, shrinkage, etc. generated under stress cracks generally do not affect the carrying capacity that can be used to deal with 12 chemical grouting method. The purpose of dealing with the gap closed to prevent leakage of water, so that cracks in bonding to restore the original function of the wall and to prevent damage to steel because of cracks and corrosion of passive film role。 11 (3) The regulations: First, the summer heat without cooling measures construction: concrete mixture into the mold temperature is higher than 35 ℃ , when the temperature dropped at night when the temperature both inside and outside the large and prone to fracture。 the diameter of fine sand。 3) against the practice of underground structure calculation and analysis of the simulation. No matter how kind of an underground structure, the system solve the overall analysis, ponent analysis and dug up the ground fl