【正文】 them e parks are not onl y am usi ng but also educational. Take the Pol ynesi an Cultural Center (PCC) i n H awai for exam pl e. It not onl y shows vi si tors the Pol ynesi an way of l i fe but also protects thei r skil s and cul ture for the future. Pol ynesi a i s the nam e gi ven to m any groups of sm al l i sl ands that are spread about the Paci fi c O cean. The PCC i s set i n 42 acres of beautiful countrysi de where vi sitors can see seven di ferent tradi ti onal Pol ynesi an i sl and vi l ages. Vi l agers from many i sl and m uni ti es e to show visi tors thei r styl es of dress and di fferent custom s. For exam pl e, you can see di ferent ski l s of the vi l agers. You can l earn how they m ake cl othes from bark and how they cl im b very tal trees wi th thei r bare feet or see what ki nd of weddi ng cerem onies they have. They al so tel l you about thei r social custom s and show you thei r cooki ng methods and thei r dances. Their m ost im portant ski l i s boatbui l di ng, whi ch al owed the i sl anders to expl ore al l the i sl ands i n the Pol ynesi an Tri angl e. We know that in thei r hi story they were sea travel l ers m ovi ng from i sland to i sl and. They were abl e to fi nd their way usi ng the sm el l of the wi n, the movem ents of the fi sh and seaweed, and the hei ght and di recti on of the waves. They were very cl ever sai l ors. N ow they use those boatbui l di ng skil ls to m ake l ong boats and show the races and the battles that they took part i n l ong ago. Al l thi s hel ps keep the skil s and the technol ogy of the i sl and peopl e ali ve. 必修五 Uni t 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CH OLERA John Snow was a fam ous doctor i n London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Vi ctori a as her personal physi ci an. But he becam e i nspi red when he thought about helpi ng ordi nary peopl e exposed to chol era. Thi s was the deadl y disease of i ts day. N either i ts cause nor i ts cure was understod. So m any thousands of terrifi ed peopl e di ed every tim e there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the chal enge and sol ve thi s problem. H e knew that chol era woul d never be control l ed unti l its cause was found. H e becam e interested i n two theori es that possi bl y expl ai ned how chol era ki l ed peopl e. The fi rst suggested that cholera m ul ti pli ed i n the ai r. A cl oud of dangerous gas fl oated around unti l i t found i ts vi ctim s. The second suggested that peopl e absorbed thi s disease i nto thei r bodies wi th thei r m eals. From the stom ach the di sease qui ckl y atacked the body and soon the affected person di ed. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hi t London i n 1845, he was ready to begi n hi s enqui ry. As the di sease spread quickl y through poor nei ghborhoods, he began to gather inform ati on. In two parti cular streets, the chol era outbreak was so severe that more than 500 peopl e di ed i n ten days. H e was determ i ned to find out why. Fi rst he m arked on a m ap the exact pl aces where al the dead peopl e had li ved. This gave hi m a val uabl e cl ue about the cause of the di sease. Many of the deaths were near the water pum p i n Broad Street (especial y num bers 16, 37, 38 and 40) . H e also noti ced that som e houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cam bri dge Street) had had no deaths. H e had not foreseen thi s, so he m ade further i nvestigations. H e di scovered that these peopl e worked i n the pub at 7 Cam bri dge Street. They had been gi ven free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seem ed that the water was to blam e. N ext, John Snow l ooked i nto the source of the water for these two streets. H e found that i t cam e from the ri ver pol uted by the di rty water from London. H e i mm edi atel y tol d the astoni shed peopl e i n Broad Street to rem ove the handl e from the pump so that i t coul d not be used. Soon afterwards the di sease sl owed down. He had shown that chol era was spread by germs and not i n a cl oud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporti ng evi dence from two other deaths that were li nked to the Broad Street outbreak. A wom an, who had m oved away from Broad Street, li ked the water from the pum p so m uch that she had i t del i vered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter di ed of chol era after dri nki ng the water. Wi th thi s extra evi dence John Snow was abl e to announce wi th certai nty that pol uted water carri ed the vi rus. To prevent thi s from happeni ng agai n, John Snow suggested that the source of al l the water suppl i es be exam i ned. The water pani es were i nstructed not to expose peopl e to pol luted water any m ore. Fi nal ly “Ki ng Chol era” was defeated. COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY TH EORY N i col aus Coperni cus was fri ghtened and hi s m i nd was confused. Al though he had tri ed to i gnore them , al hi s m athem atical cal culati ons l ed to the sam e concl usi on: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system . Onl y i f you put the sun there di d the movem ents of the other pl as i n the sky m ake sense. Yet he coul d not tel anyone about hi s theory as the powerful Christi an Church woul d have puni shed hi m for even suggesting such an i dea. They beli eved God had made the worl d and for that reason the earth was special and m ust be the centre of the solar system . The probl em arose because astronom ers had noti ced that som e pl as i n the sky seem ed to stop, m ove backward and then go forward i n the l op. Others appeared bri ghter at ti m es and l ess bri ght at others. Thi s was very strange i f the earth was the centre of the sol ar system and al pl as went round i t. Coperni cus had thought l ong and hard about these probl ems and tri ed to fi nd an answer. H e had col lected observati ons of the stars and used al l hi s m athem ati cal knowl edge