【正文】 and of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that“wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines.” Additionally, if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it:“They found there hellus (large flat stones).”According to the Biarni narrative, however,“thisland was high and mountainous.”The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4“doegr”in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introducedsintosnarratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to e upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his father’s home. But it should be recalled thatHeriulfsness lay below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators. I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leif’s voyagecontained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leif’s voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be“probable”because it is incorporatedsintosthe narrative of a preferred authority, whileBiarni’s is“improbable”or even“impossible”because the document containing it has been condemned. 51. The author’s primary concern is to demonstrate that ［ A］ Leif Erikson did not visit America. ［ B］ Biarni might have visited America before Leif Erikson. ［ C］ Biarni did not visit Wineland. ［ D］ Leif Erikson visited Wineland first. 52. The author mentions the two high mountains insgroupsto show that it is ［ A］ reasonable for Biarni to land precisely at his father’s home. ［ B］ possible to sail from Norway to Greenland without modern navigational equipment. ［ C］ likely that Biarni landed on America at least 100 years before Leif Erikson. ［ D］ probable that Leif Erikson followed the same course as Biarni. 53. All of the following are mentioned as similarities between Leif Erikson’s voyage and Biarni’s voyage EXCEPT ［ A］ both visited Norway.［ B］ both returned to Greenland. ［ C］ both visited Wineland.［ D］ both visited Helluland. 54. It can be inferred that the author regards the historicity of the Biarni narrative as ［ A］ conclusively proved.［ B］ almost conclusively proved. ［ C］ possibly true.［ D］ highly unlikely. 55. It can be concluded that ［ A］ documents in Saga may not be dependable. ［ B］ condemned records should not be used. ［ C］ authorized narratives are to be favored. ［ D］ official files should be most preferred. Vocabulary 1. landfall Text 4 The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people couldreceive re them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylumsbecame overcrowded and pthe mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but fotten. These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail’s Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in ing until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisonerssintosthe only institutions that were worse than the prisons—the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered“crazy”and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients’rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures. Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assurethat treatment is given and patient rights are respected. 56. The main purpose of the passage is to ［ A］ provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health care. ［ B］ increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill. ［ C］ shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums. ［ D］ describe the invention of