【正文】 s functional and operational areas of activity. It is practical and reasonable, however, to have this lead examiner coordinate and consolidate the MIS reviews from the other examination areas. The MIS related feedback received from other area examiners provides important and practical input to the MIS review examiner. The consolidation, coordination, and analysis of this MIS feedback can be used to reach supportable macrolevel conclusions and remendations for corporatewide MIS activities. MIS reviews in the functional or product review areas generally should be performed by an examiner who is considered to be a subject matter expert (SME) in the area of activities or operations that are being supported by the MIS systems or processes under review. The SME must have a thorough and plete understanding of the baseline business supported by the MIS system(s) under review. A solid 瓊州學院本科畢業(yè)論文（設計） 19 understanding of the business is fundamental to the pletion of a meaningful MIS review. The decision 。s planning process should include consideration of MIS needs at both the tactical and strategic levels. For example, at a tactical level MIS systems and report output should support the annual operating plan and budgetary processes. They should also be used in support of the long term strategic MIS and business planning initiatives. Without the development of an effective MIS, it is more difficult for management to measure and monitor the success of new initiatives and the progress of ongoing projects. Two mon examples of this would be the management of mergers and acquisitions or the continuing development and the introduction of new 瓊州學院本科畢業(yè)論文（設計） 17 products and services. Management needs to ensure that MIS systems are developed according to a sound methodology that enpasses the following phases: ? Appropriate analysis of system alternatives, approval points as the system is developed or acquired, and task anization. ? Program development and negotiation of contracts with equipment and software vendors. ? Development of user instructions, training, and testing of the system. ? Installation and maintenance of the system. Management should also consider use of project management techniques to monitor progress as the MIS system is being developed. Internal controls must be woven into the processes and periodically reviewed by auditors. Management also should ensure that managers and staff receive initial and ongoing training in MIS. In addition, user manuals should be available and provide the following information: ? A brief description of the application or system. ? Input instructions, including collection points and times to send updated information. ? Balancing and reconciliation procedures. ? A plete listing of output reports, including samples. Depending on the size and plexity of its MIS system, an institution may need to use different manuals for different users such as firstlevel users, unit managers, and programmers. MIS Reviews By its very nature, management information is designed to meet the unique needs of individual institutions. As a result, MIS requirements will vary depending on the size and plexity of the operations. For example,systems suitable for munity sized institutions will not necessarily be adequate for larger institutions. However, basic information needs or requirements are similar in all financial institutions regardless of size. The plexity of the operations and/or activities, together with institution size,point to the need for MIS of varying degrees of 瓊州學院本科畢業(yè)論文（設計） 18 plexity to support the decisionmaking processes. Examiners should base MIS reviews on an evaluation of whether the system(s) provide management and directors with the information necessary to guide operations, support timely decision Comptroller39。s monitoring of its fiduciary, consumer, fair lending, Bank Secrecy Act, or other pliancerelated activities. Assessing Vulnerability To MIS Risk To function effectively as an interacting, interrelated, and interdependent 瓊州學院本科畢業(yè)論文（設計） 16 feedback tool for management and staff, MIS must be useable. The fiveelements of a useable MIS system are: timeliness, accuracy, consistency,pleteness, and relevance. The usefulness of MIS is hindered wheneverone or more of these elements is promised. Timeliness Accuracy Consistency Completeness Relevance Achieving Sound MIS The development of sound MIS is the result of the development and enforcement of a culture of system ownership. An owner is a system user who knows current customer and constituent needs and also has budget authority to fund new projects. Building ownership promotes pride in institution processes and helps ensure accountability. Although MIS does not necessarily reduce expenses, the development of meaningful systems, and their proper use, will lessen the probability that erroneous decisions will be made because of inaccurate or untimely information. Erroneous decisions invariably misallocate and/or waste resources. This may result in an adverse impact on earnings and/or capital. MIS which meets the five elements of useability is a critical ingredient to an institution39。s ability to perform such reviews. MIS should be used to recognize, monitor, measure, limit, and manage risks. Risk management involves four main elements: ? Policies or practices. ? Operational processes. ? Staff and management. ? Feedback devices. Frequently, operational processes and feedback d