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(代詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞) 3.各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞 1) Given that they’ re inexperienced, they‘ ve done a good job. 鑒于他們沒有經(jīng)驗,干成這樣真不錯。(副詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞) 7) Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater. 無線電波與光波相似,但無線電波的波長要長得多。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞) 5) He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身體雖弱,但思想健康。(動詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞) 3) The new contract would be good for ten years. 新的合同有效期為 10 年。(副詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞) 2.各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞 1) Most U S spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth‘ s atmosphere after pleting their missions. 根據(jù)設(shè)計,美國大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星要在完成使命后焚毀于大氣層中。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞) 6) When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’ t go through. 當(dāng)開關(guān) 斷開時,電路就形成開路,電流不能通過。(介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞) 4) A force is needed to move an object against inertia. 為使物體克服慣性而運(yùn)動,就需要一個力。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞) 2) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。) 以下是常見的英語各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的動詞的情況。如: Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water. 住在樓上的人家得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭打水。 翻譯中的轉(zhuǎn)換變通技巧主要有詞類轉(zhuǎn)換和句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換兩種情況。 You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat. 此句中的 give other passengers a quick glance 不宜照字面譯作“給乘客們迅速的一瞥”;而要譯作“很快地瞅別的乘客一眼”, to assure them 的賓語從句 that you mean no threat,其中的謂語動詞 mean也需要進(jìn)行了詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。 參考譯文:我的看法(觀點)是,一代人 對下一代人常常抱怨,這一點是在所難免的。 英語中的 vary(改變,不同)為動詞,漢語沒有這樣的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,所以只能將其轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞“誤差”。 ( 結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換, and, 短語 ) 在翻譯過程中,由于兩種語言在語法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的差異,我們有時必須改變原文某些詞語的詞類或句子成分才能有效地傳達(dá)出原文的準(zhǔn)確意思。眾多天體物理學(xué)家七、八年來一直確信這一學(xué)說是正確的。 8. 制造飛機(jī)應(yīng)堅固到什么程度,是由飛機(jī)的類型和用途來決定的。 ,有貴族、騎 士、平民、奴隸?。 2. 誰也沒法預(yù)料! 。 (3) It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use. 直到十九世紀(jì)中葉,高爐才開始使用。 (1) Outside it was pitchdark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一團(tuán)漆黑,大雨傾盆。 (3) For this reason television signals have a short range. 因此,電視信號的傳播距離很短。 (1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point bees low. 氣壓低,沸點就低。 (3) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract. 同性電荷相斥,異性電荷相吸。 (1) The difference between the two machines consists in power. 這兩臺機(jī)器的差別在于功率不同。 3) The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow. 力的方向可以用箭頭表示。 1) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物資,不論是固體、液體或氣體,都由原子組成。美酒佳肴,頓受感染。 (2) After getting up, I wash my face, brush my teeth, and b my hair. 起床后,我洗臉,刷牙,然后梳頭。 省略技巧的常用情況 1.代詞的省略 英語中各類代詞的使用十分頻繁,要是在譯成漢語時,如不省略讀起來就會很別扭。為了清楚地表達(dá)英語原文的意義,同時也符合漢語習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,可以考慮省略介詞 between,同時增添“兩極”二字。請看下面一例翻譯試題: In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the poor. the 1880s 即 the eighties of the nieenth century( 19 世紀(jì) 80年代), land此處意為 country,不能理解為“土地”; between the immensely wealthy and the poor 照字面翻譯為“在巨大的財富和貧窮之間”。 一般來說,漢語較英語簡練,因此時,許多在原文中必不可少的詞語要是原原本本地譯成漢語,就會成為不必要的冗詞,譯文會顯得十分累贅。 第五講 詞語省略 言簡意賅 V. 詞語省略 言簡意賅 考題實例: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modem practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. ( 1999) 幾乎每個歷史學(xué)家對歷史都有自己的定義,但現(xiàn)代實踐與一種定義最接近,即認(rèn)為歷史就是試圖重現(xiàn)和解釋過去的重大事件。 2) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals. 他們修路、蓋房、架橋、造船、鋪管道、挖運(yùn)河。 3) A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither. 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 12 頁 共 38 頁 質(zhì)子帶正電,電子帶負(fù)電,而中子既不帶正電,也不帶負(fù)電。 6.重復(fù)性增詞 1) Avoid using this puter in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. 不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此電腦。 2) According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 根據(jù)科學(xué)家們的看法,自然界要用 500 年的時間才能形成一英寸厚的表層土壤。 3) After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后,飛機(jī)就起飛了。 4.用增詞法把抽象概念表達(dá)清楚 1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。 2) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出雙腿,露出腿上的道道傷痕。 3.用增詞法表達(dá)出原文的復(fù)數(shù)概念和數(shù)量詞 英語中沒有量詞,而漢語表達(dá)中的量詞卻是不可缺少的,如: first thing 第一件事; the first oil well第一口油井;等等。 2) However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost. 雖然鍋爐殼與蒸汽管是嚴(yán)密封閉的,然而還是有一部分熱損耗。 although 雖然?,但是 。因此,在將英語譯成漢語時,應(yīng)將漢語的連詞補(bǔ)充完整。. 晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演以后,他還得起草最后公報。 增詞法的常用情況 1.增添原文語法所省略的詞語 1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能,能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。尤其是對 as they did with it 的翻譯,相當(dāng)多的人不懂得用增減技巧來翻譯,直接將 did 譯作“干”、“做”,將 it 譯作“它”;如果掌握了增減技巧,便可將此句增譯為“過去有政府 救濟(jì)時”或“過去依靠政府救濟(jì)的情況”;并根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,將原文中的 they 省略不譯。仔細(xì)分析全句,其主結(jié)構(gòu)為系表結(jié)構(gòu) the fact? is a victory,不過本句的難點在于由 that 引起的同位語從句的處理,尤其是穿插其間的 as well without government aid as they did with it 這一比較狀語從句較為棘手。 ( 5) Mary washes in a restaurant.瑪麗在飯店洗碗確。 ( 3) Mary washes after getting up. 瑪麗起床后洗臉。一般情況是為意義完整而增譯,如英語中某些及物動詞用作不及物動詞時后面省 略了賓語, write, read, wash? ( 1) Mary washes before meals.瑪麗飯前洗手。 一般來說,翻譯時不應(yīng)對原文的內(nèi)容隨意增減。 13. 你本該在學(xué)校里的,卻為何在這里? 14. 我明明在總的原則上反對這類行為,又怎能對此事例外呢? 15. 既然你知道這樣會損壞儀器,怎么還這樣干? 16. 一個人的經(jīng)驗隨年齡的長大而增長。 10. 他連聽都聽不進(jìn),我又怎么能 說服他呢? 11. 雖然有車可乘,他通??偸遣叫?。 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 10 頁 共 38 頁 8. 我國的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)只要真正做到有計劃、按比例地發(fā)展,就能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定、高速的增長。 6. 萬一機(jī)器發(fā)生什么故障,就把電門關(guān)上。 4. 老師離開教室以后,學(xué)生們就喧嘩起來。 1. We’ ll go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start. 2. I stayed till noon, when I went home. 3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking. 4. When that man says “ To tell the truth” , I suspect that he‘ s about to tell a lie. 5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 6. Insurance panies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or