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2024-10-29 04:41 本頁面
   

【正文】 制動襯墊為卡裝式整體結(jié)構(gòu),更換十分方便,快捷,備有半金屬(無石棉)硬質(zhì)和半硬質(zhì),軟質(zhì)(含石棉)等不同材質(zhì)的制動襯墊供用戶選擇。 主要設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn) 聯(lián)鎖式退距均等裝置,專利技術(shù),在使用過程中可始終保持兩側(cè)瓦塊制動襯浮貼制動輪的現(xiàn)象;設(shè)有瓦塊自動隨位裝置。 RKW系列制動器為常開式、液壓驅(qū)動、臥式安裝的制動器。 為了分析這個(gè)過程,讓我們假設(shè)一個(gè)活塞機(jī)構(gòu)(圖 23( a)),它是有兩個(gè)閥 Z0、 Z1 和貯液器連接而成,表面壓力為 P0,貯 液器內(nèi)部壓力為 P1,活塞處于上部的 X=X0 處, Z0 打開,液體充滿體積為 V0的汽缸,壓力為 P0,現(xiàn)在關(guān) 閉閥 Z0,并且開始向下移動活塞,如果 Z1 關(guān)閉,當(dāng)活塞下降到 X=X1處時(shí),液體體積由 V0 變?yōu)?V1,此時(shí)壓力升至 P1,驅(qū)動活塞所作的外部功是(假設(shè)熱量改變) W1=∫X1X0(PP0)Adx=∫V1 V0(PP0)dv 制動器的應(yīng)用 YWW系列電力液壓塊式制動器是一種常閉、臥式安裝的制動器,主要用于門座式起重機(jī)、斗輪堆取料機(jī)以及中大型塔式起重機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的制動。 液力傳動的能量轉(zhuǎn)換 原動機(jī)(電機(jī)、內(nèi)燃機(jī)) 機(jī)械能 泵 液力能 液壓馬達(dá) 機(jī)械能 負(fù)載 在流體靜力能和流體動力能中單位里的質(zhì)量變化 替代能量轉(zhuǎn)換僅應(yīng)用以下幾方面,在液體靜 壓力轉(zhuǎn)換中相關(guān)的替代執(zhí)行元件提供一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)工作室,他們恒定或尺寸可變。(圖 21) 這種能量轉(zhuǎn)化的理論上的設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)是液力傳動的各 部分的伯努里方程。 地面情況 當(dāng)起重機(jī)操作困難時(shí),在平整的路面上(體育場,碼頭,倉庫等)起構(gòu)造是傳統(tǒng)概念的單驅(qū)動的運(yùn)輸工具。隨之而來的,布置在車輛后端的單驅(qū)動是不可能的。 工作范圍(不同的設(shè)計(jì)) 當(dāng)起重機(jī)工作在一個(gè)小范圍內(nèi)(倉庫,碼頭,戲臺等)告訴是沒有必要的。 性能測試 性能測試在零部件被其他產(chǎn)品被安裝之前,檢查部件的功能,尤其是那些機(jī)械構(gòu)造復(fù)雜的部件。有時(shí),對材料及零件的測試是很必要的,但由于無損測試的花費(fèi)和成本及時(shí)間不是任何時(shí)候都允許的。符合尺寸規(guī)格對所制造多 部件的互換性和對多部件成功組裝成復(fù)雜的裝置,如汽車、輪船、飛機(jī)和其他多部件產(chǎn)品都地極其重要的。 尺寸檢驗(yàn) 質(zhì)量控制的一些領(lǐng)域是重要的生產(chǎn)件的要求尺寸。其如下所述: ①目測 ②冶金測試 ③尺寸測試 ④損傷檢驗(yàn) ⑤性能檢驗(yàn) 目測 目測檢驗(yàn)一種產(chǎn)品或原料的某些特征,如顏色、紋理、表面光潔度或部件的總體外觀,從而判斷其是否具有明顯的缺損。生產(chǎn)制造公司的原材料檢驗(yàn)員到供應(yīng)廠并且檢查原材料及于制造的另配件。一般來說,質(zhì)量保證包括所有的活動,其包括質(zhì)量建立和質(zhì)量控制。延伸率 A和截面積變化率 u被描述成材料的延展性和塑性: a=(L0L)/L0*100% u=(A0A)/A0*100% 在這里, L0 和 L分別是試件的最初和最終長度, A0 和 A分別是試件的最初截面積和最終截面積。直到到達(dá)點(diǎn)為止。 按邏輯說,在應(yīng)力不增加的情況下,一旦超出彈性極限,金屬開始屈服,并最終破壞。金屬開始抵抗負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)變成快速 變形,這時(shí)的屈服力成為屈服極限 Ay。 鐵和鎳有明顯的彈性范圍,而銅、鋅、錫等,即使在相對低的應(yīng)力下也表現(xiàn)為不完全彈性。在這個(gè)區(qū)域,零件符合胡克定律,即應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變是成比例的,在彈性范圍內(nèi)(材料能完全恢復(fù)到最初的尺寸,當(dāng)負(fù)載去掉時(shí))。對于很多材料而言,在達(dá)到彈性極限的一定應(yīng)力值 A 之前,一直表現(xiàn)為這樣。 機(jī)械性能 機(jī)械性能包括拉伸性能、壓縮性能、剪切性能、扭轉(zhuǎn)性能、沖擊性能、疲勞性能和蠕變。 物理性能 密度或比重、溫度等可以歸為這一類。一般的,設(shè)計(jì)師要靠考慮所有破壞情況,其包括以下方面: ①應(yīng)力 ②應(yīng)變 ③外形 ④腐蝕 ⑤震動 ⑥外部環(huán)境破壞 ⑦緊固件的松脫 零件的尺寸和外形的選擇也有很多因素。一般而言,變化的動負(fù)載比靜負(fù)載會引起更大的差異。另一方面,失敗未必是麻煩。另外, 一種特殊材料的不同樣本會顯現(xiàn)出不同的性能,像抗負(fù)載、溫度和其他外部條件。這些力可能是: ①漸變力 ②瞬時(shí)力 ③沖擊力 ④不斷變化的力 ⑤溫差 如果一個(gè)機(jī)器的關(guān)鍵件損壞,整個(gè)機(jī)器必須關(guān)閉,直到修理好為止。設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)建布局要完全詳細(xì)地說明每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),并且對最終產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行必要的測試。 當(dāng)然,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算的目的是試圖預(yù)測零件的應(yīng)力和變形,以保證其安全的帶動負(fù)載,這是必要的,并且其也許影響到機(jī)器的最終壽命。他們都符合不同的設(shè)想,這必須由工程量決定。還要考慮服務(wù)的費(fèi)用,機(jī)械要保證必要的安全性能和美觀的外形。 Only displacement energy converters are dealt with in the following. The elements performing converters provide one or several size. Expansion of the working chambers in a pump is produced by the external energy admitted, and in the motor by the hydraulic energy. Inflow of the fluid occurs during expansion of the working chamber, while the outflow (displacement) is realized during contraction. Such devices are usually called displacement energy converters. The Hydrostatic Power In order to have a fluid of volume V1 flowing in a vessel at pressure work spent on pression W1 and transfer of the process, let us imagine a piston mechanism ((a)) which may be connected with the aid of valves Z0 and Z1 to the external medium under pressure P0 and reservoir of pressure the upper position of the piston (x=x0) with Z0 open the cylinder chamber is filled with fluid of volume V0 and pressure P0. now shut the value Z0 and start the piston moving downwards. If Z1 is shut the fluid volume in position X=X1 of the piston decreases from V0 to V1, while the pressure rises to P1. the external work required for actuation of the piston (assuming isothermal change) is W1=∫0x0(PP0)Adx=∫v1v0(PP0)dv Select from Hydraulic Power Transmission 機(jī)器和機(jī)器零件的設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)為了特定的目的而發(fā)明或改進(jìn)機(jī)器的一種藝術(shù)。 4. hydraulic energy。 ④ Destructive and nondestructive inspection。 ② Inprocess quality control during manufacturing。 ⑦ Loosening of fastening devices. The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint. Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m. f. sports, prenticehall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing pany, 1975. Mechanical properties of materials The material properties can be classified into three major headings: (1) physical, (2) chemical, (3) mechanical Physical properties Density or specific gravity, moisture content, etc., can be classified under this category. Chemical properties Many chemical properties e under this category. These include acidity or alkalinity, react6ivity and corrosion. The most important of these is corrosion which can be explained in layman’s terms as the resistance of the material to decay while in continuous use in a particular atmosphere. Mechanical properties Mechanical properties include in the strength properties like tensile, pression, shear, torsion, impact, fatigue and creep. The tensile strength of a material is obtained by dividing the maximum load, which the specimen bears by the area of crosssection of the specimen. This is a curve plotted between the stress along the This is a curve plotted between the stress along the Yaxis(ordinate) and the strain along the Xaxis (abscissa) in a tensile test. A material tends to change or changes its dimensions when it is loaded, depending upon the magnitude of the load. When the load is removed it can be seen that the deformation disappears. For many materials this occurs op to a certain value of the stress called the elastic limit Ap. This is depicted by the straight line relationship and a sma
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