【正文】 這些簡單的規(guī)則已經(jīng)在本論文中得到概括。由于在估計地面運動和結(jié)構(gòu)特性中存在許多不確定因素，我們只能期望得到一些大概的結(jié)果。這些因素在圖 7， 8， 9 展示的梁，柱結(jié)構(gòu)墻中得到概括。第一條規(guī)則涉及了前面談到的密度比。更加精密，復雜的分析方法很容易使工程師忽略結(jié)構(gòu)的真實受力，使其成為數(shù)字的奴隸。 一些重要的動力因素如質(zhì)量，剛度和阻尼決定于實際尺寸和材料在施工期間獲得的強度。 非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件影響結(jié)構(gòu)的受力。 當受到強烈的地面運動時，結(jié)構(gòu)不再處于彈性狀態(tài)。 4 設(shè)計的建議 這個部分的主要目標是詳細說明普通鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的一些簡單規(guī)則。差的監(jiān)督造成不佳的材料質(zhì)量和鋼筋的錯誤安放。 工程 實際建造的結(jié)構(gòu)可以抵抗地震作用，然而設(shè)計圖紙上的結(jié)構(gòu)不能抵抗地震作用。在關(guān)鍵部位即會產(chǎn)生塑性鉸的地方應采用加密箍筋。一個設(shè)計優(yōu)秀但是沒有足夠細節(jié)設(shè)計的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)將會遭受相當大的破壞。 在 Vina del Mar 城市，智利的混凝土建筑物 (4 到 23 層 )的密度比很高，為(3)。作者將指出其中承重構(gòu)件的幾何布置的對稱性。作者研究了伊斯坦布爾的歷史紀念建筑物中這一比值的變化，這些建筑物在過去的幾個世紀中承受了一些嚴重的地震。 1967 年 Adapazari 和 1985 年在墨西哥發(fā)生的地震中發(fā)現(xiàn)破壞的建筑物中有柔性樓板和細柱。由于這個原因?qū)⒁鸺袅ζ茐牡奈ｋU，所以短柱無論在哪都應該避免。如果某一樓層的剛度明顯比 其余各層小(軟層 )，會由于該層過度的側(cè)移導致該層過早的失效。大體上設(shè)計者應該使建筑物沿高度方向的強度和剛度變化盡可能小。然而，在建筑設(shè)計中沿建筑高度的突變從抗震觀點看不可取的?？偟脑瓌t是平面設(shè)計應盡可能的對稱。 值得一提的是由以上三類造成的破壞似乎同樣適用于在其他國家觀察到的地震損害。 作者對土耳其過去 30 年期間的地震所造成的破壞進行了重新評估。最近墨西哥和智利的地震就證明了這一要求的重要性 (1)。過度的層間側(cè)移將引起非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的損害。 剛度要求 設(shè)計一幢建筑物的重力負荷時，設(shè)計者應該考慮適用性和極限強度。能源的消耗主要是由塑料鉸的大旋轉(zhuǎn)提供。圖 1展示了梁在承載力設(shè)計時需要滿足的基本原則。作者認為設(shè)計要 求可以概括為以下三組： 強度要求 延性要求 剛度要求 (位移控制 ) 這三個要求將會簡短地在下列段落中討論。 建筑物在罕遇地震中不能倒塌。它 們在地震分析和實驗研究中，和對過去地震的觀察報告中得到不斷的發(fā)展。我們有更多經(jīng)驗，有高度發(fā)達的分析工具和相當多的實驗數(shù)據(jù)。建筑大師們已經(jīng)能夠建造出可以在幾個世紀中抵抗強烈地震的建筑物。 多數(shù)地震強度小而且不會對我們的建筑物造成破害。本論文都對這些進行了討論，作者指出那種常見的錯誤和觀察到的破壞就是由這些錯誤引起的。有三個基本要求需要滿足： (a)強度， (b)延性和 (c)剛度。leymaniye the density ratio was about . Another investigation made on modern reinforced concrete buildings built in seismic areas in Turkey reveal that the average density ratio is less than author finds the ratio rather low and suggests that it should be about . In the city of Vina del Mar,Chile the average density ratio in reinforced concrete buildings(4 to 23 stories)is quite high,(3).This seems to be one of the reasons why relatively small damage occurred during the 1985 Chile earthquake,which created quite a severe ground motion. It should be pointed out that although density ratio is a very important parameter for lateral stiffness,the relative stiffness of floor members have also a significant influence on the stiffness. Ductility required for energy dissipation during an earthquake is closely related to well designed R/C structure can suffer considerable damage if it is not properly detailed. Detailing is an art which cannot be realized unless the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete is well basic principle in detailing is to provide the necessary strength and ductility at critical sections and cutting the bars and in making lapped splices,adequate anchorage length should be critical regions where plastic hinging is expected to occur should be well confined by closely spaced experience in Turkey shows that inadequate detailing played a very important role in the earthquake damage observed during the past 30 of the damages attributed to detailing were due to inadequate anchorage or splice length and inadequate confinement. Basic rules for detailing of beams,columns and structural walls are summarized in Figures 7,8 and 9. The earthquake will be resisted by the structure which is actually built and not by the structure shown on the design matter how good the design methods used are,it is not possible to produce a seismic resistant building unless the structure is constructed in accordance with the design project under proper most of the developing countries emphasis is on the design stage。 附 錄 Seismology Civil Engineering SEISMIC RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURESDESIGN PRINCIPLES SUMMARY:Earthquakes cause considerable economic is possible to minimize the economic loses by proper seismic this paper basic principles for seismic design are are three basic requirements to be satisfied。quality control and supervision are usually looked down upon and ignored by the engineer. The engineer should realize that the important requirements for seismic resistance, strength,ductility and stiffness depend on the actual dimensions,material qualities and reinforcement details acplished on the supervision results in poor material quality and errors in the placement of the reinforcing experience in Turkey shows that inadequate supervision has been the most important cause of structure damage during past earthquakes. In the light of these discussions one can conclude that,for better seismic resistance,the first step should be in the direction of correcting the mistakes made in the configuration,detailing and construction supervision cannot be improved,well written codes and sophisticated methods of analyses will not be able to prevent damage and failures in future earthquakes. 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN The main objective of this section is to specify some simple rules for the design of ordinary reinforced concrete ordinary,the author means regular structures up to say ten stories. of Facts Before stating the design rules,it would be useful to state some basic facts