【正文】 ur of reinforced concrete is well basic principle in detailing is to provide the necessary strength and ductility at critical sections and cutting the bars and in making lapped splices,adequate anchorage length should be critical regions where plastic hinging is expected to occur should be well confined by closely spaced experience in Turkey shows that inadequate detailing played a very important role in the earthquake damage observed during the past 30 of the damages attributed to detailing were due to inadequate anchorage or splice length and inadequate confinement. Basic rules for detailing of beams,columns and structural walls are summarized in Figures 7,8 and 9. The earthquake will be resisted by the structure which is actually built and not by the structure shown on the design matter how good the design methods used are,it is not possible to produce a seismic resistant building unless the structure is constructed in accordance with the design project under proper most of the developing countries emphasis is on the design stage。quality control and supervision are usually looked down upon and ignored by the engineer. The engineer should realize that the important requirements for seismic resistance, strength,ductility and stiffness depend on the actual dimensions,material qualities and reinforcement details acplished on the supervision results in poor material quality and errors in the placement of the reinforcing experience in Turkey shows that inadequate supervision has been the most important cause of structure damage during past earthquakes. In the light of these discussions one can conclude that,for better seismic resistance,the first step should be in the direction of correcting the mistakes made in the configuration,detailing and construction supervision cannot be improved,well written codes and sophisticated methods of analyses will not be able to prevent damage and failures in future earthquakes. 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN The main objective of this section is to specify some simple rules for the design of ordinary reinforced concrete ordinary,the author means regular structures up to say ten stories. of Facts Before stating the design rules,it would be useful to state some basic facts about the seismic action and seismic resistance of reinforced concrete structures. The characteristics of the ground motion expected cannot be fully defined. The structure cannot remain elastic when subjected to a strong ground will occur at different locations and most of the energy will be dissipated at these sections. Response of the structure depends not only on the ground motion,but also on the dynamic characteristics of the structure,such as mass,stiffness and reinforced concrete structures it is very difficult to estimate the stiffness and damping,because of cracking and time dependent deformations which have taken place prior to the earthquake. Nonstructural elements influence the behaivour. In order to analyze a building,first a simple physical model is created by making many simplifying analysis made is for this model and not for the real assumptions made in creating this model introduce errors. Important dynamic characteristic such as mass,stiffness and damping depend on the actual dimensions and material strengths obtained during can be quite different from the ones assumed at the design stage. In the light of these facts,one can easily see that there are many uncertainties involved in the seismic design of reinforced concrete engineer should be well aware of these facts and should not rely entirely on the numbers he has obtained from sophisticated and more plicated methods of analyses can easily carry the engineer away from the actual behaviour and make him a slave of simple methods supported by sound judgement based on behaviour will result in as satisfactory seismic design. simple Approach Seismic resistance can be acplished by following the basic steps given below: a good configuration a satisfactory analysis(Static or dynamic) and detailing the members properly. the building in accordance with the design project,under good supervision. The author believes that for ordinary residential or office buildings up to say ten stories,seismic resistance can be obtained to a great extent by following some simple rules given below are being used by a municipality in Turkey as a guide to designers and for checking the designs submitted to this first rule concerns the density ratio mentioned residential and office buildings up to ten stories,the summation of the crosssectional areas of vertical load carrying members(structural walls and columns)should satisfy the following equation. Av (1) Avsummation crosssectional areas of all vertical structural members at the floor(m2) Applan area at that