國(guó)家責(zé)任ppt課件(2)-wenkub.com
2025-01-14 16:49 本頁面
【正文】 ? 3. 本條不妨礙把不論以何種方式涉及有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)的、按照第 4條至第 9條的規(guī)定應(yīng)視為該國(guó)行為的任何行為歸于該國(guó)。 三、國(guó)家行為的內(nèi)容 ? 第 8條 ? 受到國(guó)家指揮或控制的行為 ? 如果一人或一群人實(shí)際上是在按照國(guó)家的指示或在其指揮或控制下行事，其行為應(yīng)視為國(guó)際法所指的一國(guó)的行為。 ? 2. 機(jī)關(guān)包括依該國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法具有此種地位的任何個(gè)人或?qū)嶓w 。 ? There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission: ? (a) Is attributable to the State under international law。s decision in the Barcelona Traction case (Belgium v Spain) (Second Phase) ICJ Rep 1970 3 at paragraph 33: ? “ … an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international munity as a whole, and those arising vis224。 See also Monroe doctrine. Secondary rules Primary rules what conditions a breach of a “primary rule” may be held to have occurred b. the legal consequences of this breach customary or treaty rules laying down substantive obligations for States ? Article 19 (the first reading in 1996) ? International crimes and international delicts ? 1. An act of a State which constitutes a breach of an international obligation is an internationally ? wrongful act, regardless of the subjectmatter of the obligation breached. ? 2. An internationally wrongful act which results from the breach by a State of an international obligation so essential for the protection of fundamental interests of the international munity that its breach is recognized as a crime by the munity as a whole constitutes an international crime. ? 3. Subject to paragraph 2, and on the basis of the rules of international law in force, an international crime may result, inter alia, from: ? (a) a s
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